Margaret E. Gredler, PhD, is Professor of Educational Psychology and Research at the University of South Carolina. Dr. Gredler's articles and presented papers address applications of learning theory and self-directed learning. Learning and Instruction: Theory into Practice, her book on learning theories and related instructional strategies, is in its fifth edition.

Carolyn Claytor Shields, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Richard W. Riley College of Education at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Dr. Shields teaches courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in educational psychology, human growth and development, and research. Her research interests include learning theories and their educational applications and methods for developing conceptual thinking.

Books by Margaret E. Gredler