The Foundations of Physiology Human Physiology in Perspective The Chemical and Physical Foundations of Physiology The Chemistry Cells The Structure and Energy Metabolism of Cells Homeostatic Control: Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms Transport Across Cell Membranes Focus Unit: Diffusions, Osmosis, and Bioelectricity Nerve and Muscles Action Potentials Initiation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals Sensory Systems and Brain Function Focus Unit: How Drugs Affect the Nervous System The Special Senses: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle Somatic and Autonomic Motor Systems The Cardiovascular System The Heart Blood and the Vascular System Regulation of the Cardiovascular System The Respiratory System Respiratory Structure and Dynamics Gas Exchange and Gas Transport in the Blood Regulation of the Respiratory System Focus Unit: Physiological Aspects of Exercise Kidney and Body Fluid Homeostasis The Kidney Control of Body Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Focus Unit: Acids, Bases, and Buffer Systems The Gastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Organization, Secretion, and Motility Digestion and Absorption