SECTION 1: AUTOPSY FUNDAMENTALS INTRODUCTION 4 History of Autopsy Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 8 Autopsy Safety Billie S. Fyfe, MD AUTOPSY PERFORMANCE EXTERNAL EXAMINATION 12 Medical Intervention Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD 16 Postmortem Changes and External Examination Billie S. Fyfe, MD INTERNAL EXAMINATION 20 Body Cavities Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 26 Cardiovascular System Dylan V. Miller, MD 30 Respiratory System Leslie A. Litzky, MD 34 Hematopoietic System Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 40 Gastrointestinal System Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 48 Hepatobiliary System Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO 54 Genitourinary System Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 60 Endocrine System Billie S. Fyfe, MD 66 Central Nervous System Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD 72 Peripheral Nervous System Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD 76 Integumentary System Dylan V. Miller, MD 80 Oral Cavity Billie S. Fyfe, MD 84 Medical Devices Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD LABORATORY TESTING 88 Chemistry Rachel Hudacko, MD 90 Microbiology Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 94 Cytology Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA POSTMORTEM IMAGING 100 Postmortem Radiography and Virtual Autopsy Billie S. Fyfe, MD POSTMORTEM HISTOLOGY 106 Postmortem Histology Alex K. Williamson, MD AUTOPSY CONSENT AND REPORTING AUTOPSY CONSENT 110 Autopsy Consent and Reporting Dylan V. Miller, MD AUTOPSY REPORTING 112 Death Certification Alex K. Williamson, MD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD 116 Autopsy Report Corinne L. Fligner, MD and Dylan V. Miller, MD 118 Presenting Autopsy Findings Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA SECTION 2: ORGAN SYSTEM APPROACH TO AUTOPSY SUDDEN AND UNEXPECTED DEATH CARDIOVASCULAR 122 Pulmonary Thromboembolism Billie S. Fyfe, MD 128 Acute Myocardial Infarction Vidhya Nair, MD and Dylan V. Miller, MD 132 Cardiomyopathy Dylan V. Miller, MD 136 Myocarditis Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Dylan V. Miller, MD 142 Cardiac Conduction System Dylan V. Miller, MD 148 Aortic Dissection Billie S. Fyfe, MD 154 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Billie S. Fyfe, MD RESPIRATORY 160 Pulmonary Edema Leslie A. Litzky, MD 164 Pulmonary Hemorrhage Leslie A. Litzky, MD 168 Tension Pneumothorax Leslie A. Litzky, MD GASTROINTESTINAL 172 Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 178 Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO 182 Intestinal Ischemia Rachel Hudacko, MD HEPATOBILIARY 186 Hepatic Hemorrhage Rachel Hudacko, MD 190 Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis Rachel Hudacko, MD 194 Acute Liver Failure Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO GENITOURINARY 198 Pregnancy Complications Corinne L. Fligner, MD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD 204 Acute Renal Failure Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Paisit Paueksakon, MD ENDOCRINE 214 Adrenal Insufficiency Dylan V. Miller, MD 218 Adrenocortical Excess Patrick Lento, MD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 222 Seizure Disorders Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD 226 Subdural Hemorrhage Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD 230 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD 234 Stroke Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD POSTOPERATIVE/ POSTINTERVENTIONAL DEATH IATROGENIC 240 Therapeutic Complications Billie S. Fyfe, MD CARDIOVASCULAR 244 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Dylan V. Miller, MD 248 Overview of Coronary Artery Stents Dylan V. Miller, MD 252 Valve Replacement (Including Transcatheter) Brandon T. Larsen, MD, PhD 258 Ventricular Assist Devices Dylan V. Miller, MD 264 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair Billie S. Fyfe, MD and George P. Batsides, MD GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY 270 Pancreas Resection Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO 274 Gastrectomy and Esophagectomy Rachel Hudacko, MD 278 Bariatric Surgery Rachel Hudacko, MD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 282 Central Nervous System Tumors Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD 288 Cerebral Aneurysm and Vascular Malformation Roy H. Rhodes, MD, PhD and David S. Priemer, MD SECTION 3: DISEASE PROCESS APPROACH TO AUTOPSY TRANSPLANTATION 296 Heart Transplant Dylan V. Miller, MD 302 Lung Transplant Leslie A. Litzky, MD 306 Kidney Transplant Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Paisit Paueksakon, MD 316 Liver Transplant Rachel Hudacko, MD and Patrick Lento, MD 322 Pancreas Transplant Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD and Billie S. Fyfe, MD 328 Bone Marrow Transplant Dylan V. Miller, MD 332 Deceased Donor Autopsy Billie S. Fyfe, MD INFECTION-RELATED DEATH SYSTEMIC INFECTION/SEPSIS OVERVIEW 334 HIV/AIDS Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 340 Shock and Sepsis Billie S. Fyfe, MD and Christine Minerowicz, MD ORGAN SYSTEM INFECTION 346 Bronchopneumonia Leslie A. Litzky, MD 350 Infective Endocarditis Dylan V. Miller, MD 354 Clostridioides difficile Enterocolitis Billie S. Fyfe, MD 358 Viral Hepatitis Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO 362 Urosepsis Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA NEOPLASIA-ASSOCIATED DEATH 366 Neoplasia-Associated Death Billie S. Fyfe, MD 374 Death Due to Paraneoplastic Effect Harold Sanchez, MD, Bethany Faust, MD, and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA OTHER COMMON HOSPITAL DEATH 378 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Harold Sanchez, MD and Rebecca A. Irvine, MD, FRCPA 382 Ventilator-Dependent Respiratory Failure Leslie A. Litzky, MD 386 Chronic Liver Failure Rachel Hudacko, MD and Jeanine Chiaffarano, DO 392 Chronic Kidney Disease Monica P. Revelo, MD, PhD 400 Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Hasini Reddy, MD, DPhil and David S. Priemer, MD AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE-RELATED DEATH 406 Approach to Autopsy in Setting of Autoimmune Disease (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) David S. Priemer, MD 412 Dermatomyositis David S. Priemer, MD 414 Vasculitis Billie S. Fyfe, MD 420 Amyloidosis Billie S. Fyfe, MD
