PART 1 Planning, Drafting, and Revising
1 Think as a Writer
a Think About What College Readers Expect
b Think About How to Persuade Others
c Think About Your Audience
d Think About Your Credibility
e Think About Your Purpose
f Think About the Complex Demands of Writing Today
2 Plan and Draft
a Establish Your Goals
b Explore Your Topic
c Write a Working Thesis
d Plan a Strategy
e Compose a Draft
f Write as a Member of a Team
3 Compose Paragraphs
a Focus Your Paragraphs
b Organize Your Paragraphs
c Make Your Paragraphs Coherent
d Consider Paragraph Length
e Write Effective Beginning and Ending Paragraphs
4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread
a Switch from Writer to Reader
b Learn Strategies for Rewriting
c Respond to Other Writers' Drafts
d Edit for Particular Goals
e Proofread Carefully
f Learn to Edit the Writing of Others
PART 2 Analyzing, Reflecting, Informing, Arguing
5 Read and View with a Critical Eye
a Become a Critical Reader
b Read Actively
c Write Summaries
d Recognize Verbal Fallacies
e Become a Critical Viewer
f Recognize Visual Fallacies
6 Write an Analysis
a Understand the Goal of a Rhetorical Analysis
b Analyze the Context and the Text
c Organize and Write a Rhetorical Analysis
d Sample Rhetorical Analysis
e Analyze Images and Other Visual Texts
7 Write a Reflection
a Find a Reflective Topic
b Identify a Focus
c Organize and Write a Reflection
d Sample Reflective Essay
8 Write an Informative Essay
a Find an Informative Topic
b Narrow Your Topic and Write a Thesis
c Organize and Write an Informative Essay
d Sample Informative Essay
9 Write a Position Argument
a Position Arguments and Proposal Arguments
b Find an Arguable Topic and Make a Claim
c Organize and Write a Position Argument
d Sample Position Argument
10 Write a Proposal Argument
a Find an Arguable Topic and Make a Proposal
b Organize and Write a Proposal Argument
c Two Sample Proposal Arguments
PART 3 Writing in the Disciplines
11 Write about Literature and the Humanities
a What Are the Humanities?
b What Counts as Evidence in the Humanities?
c Become a Critical Reader of Literature
d Develop an Interpretation
e Write a Literary Analysis
f Sample Literary Analysis
g Write a Film Analysis
12 Write in the Sciences and Social Sciences
a What are the Social Sciences?
b What Counts as Evidence in the Sciences and Social Sciences?
c Write an Observation
d Write a Case Study
e Write a Lab Report in the Sciences
13 Write Portfolios and Essay Exams
a Create a Portfolio
b Sample Portfolio Letter and Contents
c Write an Essay Exam
d Sample Essay Examination
14 Write for Online Courses
a Use Courseware
b Keep Track of Online Coursework
c Participate in Online Discussions
d Manage Your Writing Projects
15 Compose for Business and Public Writing
a What is Business Writing?
b Write a Letter of Application
c Write a Resume
d Write a Memo
e Write a Business E-mail
f What Is Public Writing?
g Write a Report
h Write a Proposal
PART 4 Designing and Presenting
16 Communicate in Multimedia
a Multimedia Composing
b Think About Verbal and Visual Relationships
c Design Documents
d Choose Type
e Compose Images
f Edit Images
g Create Tables, Charts, and Graphs
17 Compose in Online Genres
a Tips for Online Writing
b Create a Blog Entry or a Discussion Post
c Compose Wikis
d Create a Web Page
e Create a Podcast
f Create a Video
g Create a Professional Social Media Site
18 Design Presentations
a Plan a Presentation
b Design Visuals for a Presentation
c Deliver an Effective Presentation
d Convert a Written Text into a Presentation
PART 5 Planning Research and Finding Sources
Research Map I: Conducting Research
19 Plan Your Research
a Analyze the Research Task
b Set a Schedule
c Find and Narrow a Topic
d Determine What Kind of Research You Need
e Draft a Working Thesis
f Create a Working Bibliography
g Create an Annotated Bibliography
20 Find Sources
a Develop Strategies for Finding Sources
b Find Sources in Databases
c Find Sources on the Web
d Find Multimedia Sources
e Find Print Sources
f Keep Track of Sources
21 Evaluate Sources
a Determine the Relevance of Sources
b Determine the Quality of Sources
c Evaluate Database and Print Sources
d Evaluate Web Sources
22 Plan Field Research
a Know What You Can Obtain from Field Research
b Conduct Interviews
c Administer Surveys
d Make Observations
e Gather Data from Other Sources
f Sample Project Using Field Research
PART 6 Incorporating and Documenting Sources
Research Map II: Working With Sources
23 Understand and Avoid Plagiarism
a Understand the Purposes of Sources
b What is Plagiarism?
c Avoid Plagiarism When Taking Notes
d Avoid Plagiarism When Quoting Sources
e Avoid Plagiarism When Summarizing and Paraphrasing
24 Use Sources Effectively
a Use Sources to Provide Evidence
b Use Sources as Points of Departure
c Decide When to Quote and When to Paraphrase
d Integrate Quotations
e Integrate Summaries and Paraphrases
f Integrate Visuals
25 Write and Revise the Research Project
a Revisit Your Research
b Plan Your Organization
c Write a Draft
d Review and Revise
26 MLA Documentation
MLA Documentation Map
a Writer at Work: Citing Sources in a MLA-Style Project
b Writer at Work: Creating the List of Works Cited
c In-Text Citations in MLA Style
d Illustrated Samples and Index of Works Cited in MLA Style
e Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, and Other Print Sources
f Books
g Library Database Sources
h Web Sources and Other Online Sources
i Visual Sources
j Multimedia Sources
k Informational Notes
l Two Sample Research Papers with MLA Documentation
27 APA Documentation
APA Documentation Map
a In-text Citations in APA Style
b Illustrated Samples and Index of References in APA Style
c Periodical Sources
d Books and Nonperiodical Sources
e Online Sources
f Visual, Computer, and Multimedia Sources
g Sample Paper with APA Documentation
28 CMS Documentation
a In-text Citations in CMS Style
b Books and Nonperiodical Sources
c Periodical Sources
d Online Sources
e Multimedia Sources
f Sample Pages with CMS Documentation
29 CSE Documentation
a In-text References in CSE Style
b Books and Nonperiodical Sources
c Periodical Sources
d Online and Multimedia Sources
e Sample Pages with CSE Documentation
PART 7 Effective Style and Language
30 Write with Power
a Pay Attention to Verbs
b Stay Active
c Find Agents
d Vary Your Sentences
e Give Your Writing Personality
31 Write Concisely
a Eliminate Unnecessary Words
b Reduce Wordy Phrases
c Simplify Tangled Sentences
32 Write with Emphasis
a Manage Emphasis in Sentences
b Forge Links Across Sentences
c Use Parallel Structure with Parallel Ideas
d Use Parallel Structure with Lists
e Use Parallel Structure in Paragraphs
33 Find the Right Words
a Be Aware of Levels of Formality
b Be Aware of Denotation and Connotation
c Use Specific Language
d Use Effective Figurative Language
34 Write to Be Inclusive
a Be Aware of Stereotypes
b Be Inclusive About Gender
c Be Inclusive About Race and Ethnicity
d Be Inclusive About Other Differences
e Recognize International Varieties of English
PART 8 Understanding Grammar
35 Grammar Basics
a Sentence Basics
b Word Classes
c Clauses
d Phrases
e Sentence Types
36 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices
a Fragments
b Run-on Sentences
c Comma Splices
37 Subject-Verb Agreement
a Agreement in the Present Tense
b Singular and Plural Subjects
c Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
d Collective Nouns as Subjects
e Inverted Word Order
f Amounts, Numbers, and Pairs
38 Verbs
a Basic Verb Forms
b Irregular Verbs
c Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
d Shifts in Tense
e Shifts in Mood
39 Pronouns
a Pronoun Case
b Pronoun Agreement
c Problems with Pronouns and Gender
d Vague Reference
40 Modifiers
a Choose the Correct Modifier
b Place Adjectives Carefully
c Place Adverbs Carefully
d Revise Disruptive Modifiers
e Revise Dangling Modifiers
PART 9 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics
41 Commas
a Commas with Introductory Elements
b Commas with Compound Clauses
c Commas with Nonrestrictive Modifiers
d Commas with Items in a Series
e Commas with Coordinate Adjectives
f Commas with Quotations
g Commas with Dates, Numbers, Titles, and Addresses
h Commas to Avoid Confusion
i Unnecessary Commas
42 Semicolons and Colons
a Semicolons with Closely Related Main Clauses
b Semicolons Together with Commas
c Colons in Sentences
d Colons with Lists
43 Hyphens
a Hyphens with Compound Modifiers
b Hyphens with Compound Nouns
c Hyphens That Divide Words at the Ends of Lines
d Hyphens for Clarity
44 Dashes and Parentheses
a Dashes and Parentheses vs. Commas
b Dashes and Parentheses to Set Off Information
c Other Punctuation with Parentheses
d Other Punctuation with Dashes
45 Apostrophes
a Possessives
b Contractions and Omitted Letters
c Plurals of Letters, Symbols, and Words Referred to as Words
46 Quotation Marks
a Direct Quotations
b Titles of Short Works
c Other Uses of Quotation Marks
d Misuses of Quotation Marks
e Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks
47 Other Punctuation Marks
a Periods
b Question Marks
c Exclamation Points
d Brackets
e Ellipses
f Slashes
48 Write with Accurate Spelling
a Know the Limitations of Spelling Checkers
b Distinguish Homonyms
c Learn spelling rules
49 Capitalization and Italics
a Capital Letters
b Italics
50 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers
a Abbreviations
b Acronyms
c Numbers
PART 10 If English Is Not Your First Language
51 Write in a Second Language
a Understand the Demands of Writing in a Second Language
b Use Your Native Language as a Resource
c Use Dictionaries
d Understand English Idioms
e Understand and Avoid Plagiarism in English
52 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions
a Kinds of Nouns
b Count and Noncount Nouns
c Singular and Plural Forms
d Articles
e Prepositions
53 Verbs
a Types of Verbs
b Be Verbs
c Modal Auxiliary Verbs
d Verbs and Infinitives
e Verbs and -ing Verbals
f Conditional Sentences
g Participial Adjectives
h Phrasal Verbs
54 English Sentence Structure
a Subjects
b English Word Order
c Placement of Modifiers
Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index
Credits
Staying on Track Guide
Revision Guide (inside rear cover)
List of Common Errors boxes (inside rear cover)