Part I: The Science of Body Composition Research
Chapter 1. Study of Body Composition: An Overview
Wei Shen, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, ZiMian Wang, and Steven B. Heymsfield
History
-Body Composition Rules and Models
-Future Directions
Part II: Body Composition Measurement Methods
Chapter 2. Hydrodensitometry and Air Displacement Plethysmography
Scott B. Going
-Body Composition Models
-Estimation of Body Volume by Underwater Weighing
-Recommended Procedures for Hydrodensitometry
-Air Displacement Plethysmography
-Summary
Chapter 3. Hydrometry
Dale A. Schoeller
-Total Body Water
-Intracellular Water and Extracellular Water
-Summary
Chapter 4. Whole-Body Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis
Kenneth J. Ellis
-Whole-Body Counting
-Neutron Activation Analysis
Chapter 5. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Timothy G. Lohman and Zhao Chen
-History and Development of DXA
-Assumptions of DXA and Their Validity
-Applicability of DXA
-Equipment: Hardware
-Equipment: Software
-Measurement Procedures
-Calibration Procedures
-Precision of Total and Regional Composition Estimates
-Accuracy of DXA for the Measurement of Fatness
-Accuracy of DXA Regional Body Composition Assessments
-Estimating Body Composition Changes
-Hydration Status As a Confounder in DXA Body Composition Estimates
-Application of DXA to Pediatric Populations
-DXA Use in Multicomponent Models
-Steps Toward Standardization of DXA
-Recommended Procedure for DXA Measurements
-Summary
Chapter 6. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Wm. Cameron Chumlea and Shumei S. Sun
-Physical Electrical Properties
-Bioelectrical Properties
-Measuring Impedance
-Impedance History
-Single- and Multiple-Frequency Impedance
-Impedance and Body Composition
-Changes in Body Composition
-Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance
-Impedance and Blood Chemistry
-Summary
Chapter 7. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Robert Ross and Ian Janssen
-CT Image Acquisition
-MRI Image Acquisition
-CT Image Analysis
-MRI Image Analysis
-Determination of Tissue Volume
-CT Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality
-CT Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality
-MRI Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality
-MRI Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality
-Validity of Tissue Quantity by CT
-Validity of Tissue Quantity by MRI
-Comparison of CT and MRI
-Applications of CT and MRI on Tissue Quantity and Quality
-Future Directions
-Potential of CT and MRI in Large-Scale Studies
-Summary
Chapter 8. Anthropometry and Ultrasound
Anna Bellisari and Alex F. Roche
-Anthropometry
-Ultrasound
-Summary
Chapter 9. Pediatric Body Composition Methods
Aviva Sopher, Wei Shen, and Angelo Pietrobelli
-Multicomponent Models
-Hydrodensitometry
-Air Displacement Plethysmography
-Dilution Methods
-Whole-Body Counting
-Electrical Methods
-Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
-Imaging Methods
-Anthropometry
-Summary
Chapter 10. Animal Body Composition Methods
Maria S. Johnson and Tim R. Nagy
-Carcass Analysis
-Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)
-Total Body Water by Isotope Dilution
-Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
-Computed Tomography (CT)
-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
-Summary
Chapter 11. Statistical Methods
Shumei S. Sun and Wm. Cameron Chumlea
-Accuracy of Predictive Equations
-Validity of the Response Variable
-Precision of the Predictor Variables
-Relationships Between Predictor Variables and Response Variables
-Statistical Methods
-Size and Nature of the Sample
-Published Predictive Equations
-Summary
Part III: Body Composition Models and Components
Chapter 12. Multicomponent Molecular-Level Models of Body Composition Analysis
ZiMian Wang, Wei Shen, Robert T. Withers, and Steven B. Heymsfield
-General Concepts of Molecular-Level Body Composition Methods
-Three-, Four-, and Six-Component Hydrodensitometry Methods
-Four- and Six-Component Neutron Activation Methods
-Six-Component Total Body Carbon Method
-Multicomponent Total Body Protein Method
-Summary
Chapter 13. Measuring Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Relation to Health
LuA-A?As B. Sardinha and Pedro J. Teixeira
-Total Body Fatness
-Fat Distribution
-Summary
Chapter 14. Assessing Muscle Mass
Henry C. Lukaski
-Anthropometric Indicators of Muscle Mass
-Muscle Metabolites
-Radiographic Methods
-Nuclear Techniques
-Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
-High-Frequency Energy Absorption (HFEA)
-Summary
Chapter 15. Body Composition, Organ Mass, and Resting Energy Expenditure
Dympna Gallagher and Marinos Elia
-Measurement of REE
-Quantifying Specific Organ and Tissue Masses
-Specific Metabolic Rates of Organs and Tissues
-Modeling REE
-REE and Organ Metabolic Rates During the Life Span
-REE: Race and Ethnicity
-REE in Disease
-Ongoing Efforts in the Measurement of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Rates
-Summary
Part IV: Body Composition and Biological Influences
Chapter 16. Genetic Influences on Human Body Composition
Peter Katzmarzyk and Claude Bouchard
-Basic Concepts
-Methods
-Genetics and Body Fat Content
-Genetics and Fat Topography
-Genetic Pleiotropy and Body Fat Phenotypes
-Genetics and Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes
-Summary
Chapter 17. Age
Richard N. Baumgartner
-Fat Mass
-Fat Distribution
-Fat-Free Mass
-Summary
Chapter 18. Variation in Body Composition Associated With Sex and Ethnicity
Robert M. Malina
-Reference Values
-Total Body Composition
-Adipose Tissue Distribution
-Bone As a Component of Body Composition
-Skeletal Muscle
-Summary
Chapter 19. Pregnancy
Sally Ann Lederman
-Why Measure Pregnancy Body Composition?
-Measuring Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy
-Advances of the Field
Chapter 20. Exercise
Daniel P. Williams, Pedro J. Teixeira, and Scott B. Going
-Body Weight
-Whole-Body Fat
-Visceral Adipose Tissue
-Fat-Free Mass, Lean Soft Tissue, and Skeletal Muscle
-Bone
-Summary
Chapter 21. Hormonal Influences on Human Body Composition
Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Per Bjorntorp
-Hormonal Effects Through the Life Cycle
-Effects of Glucocorticoids
-Interactions Between Hormones
-Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Hormones
-Regulation of Energy Exchange
-Summary
Part V: Body Composition and Pathological States
Chapter 22. Morbidity and Mortality Associations
Jacob C. Seidell
-Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Morbidity and Mortality: Methodological Issues
-Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Mortality
-Body Composition and Aging: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality
-Effect of Age on the Association Between Weight Change and Health
-Effect of Age on the Association Between Fat Distribution and Health
-Summary
Chapter 23. Body Composition and Cancer
Zhao Chen
-Body Composition and Cancer Risk
-Body Composition and Cancer Treatment
-Cancer-Related Wasting
-Other Applications of Body Composition Assessments in Cancer Research
-Summary
Chapter 24. Obesity and Diabetes: Body Composition Determinants of Insulin Resistance
Bret H. Goodpaster and David E. Kelley
-Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity
-Fat-Free Mass and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity
-Abdominal Adiposity: Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Type 2 DM
-Lower-Extremity Adipose Tissue
-Skeletal Muscle Fat Content
-Hepatic Steatosis and IR in Obesity and Type 2 DM
-Effects of Weight Loss on Body Composition and IR
-Summary
Chapter 25. Body Composition Studies in People With HIV
Donald P. Kotler and Ellen S. Engelson
-Early Studies (1981-1983)
-Body Composition Assessment
-Cross-Sectional Studies
-Studies of Pathogenic Mechanisms
-Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes
-Longitudinal Studies
-Studies of Nutritional Therapies
-HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy
-Pseudotruncal Obesity
-Treatment of Fat Redistribution
-Switch Studies
-Summary
Chapter 26. Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition
Ian Janssen and Ronenn Roubenoff
-Influence of Metabolic Imbalances on Body Composition
-Influence of Immune Mediators on Metabolism
-Usefulness of Body Composition As a Measure of Chronic Disease Status
-Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Adults
-Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents
-Summary
Appendix: Reference Body Composition Tables
Abbreviations
References
Index