The EU's relationship with its member states is critical to both European policy formulation and implementation. This work provides a country-by-country analysis of how European policy is made and applied. Its central focus is the involvement in European policy-making of national institutions: governments; parliaments; sub-national government; the courts; and public administration. The contributors present portraits of European policy-making in the member states of the EU just prior to the EFTA enlargement. Using institutional theory to shed light on developments, they show how member states have adapted their institutional structures to European integration, especially since the Maastricht Treaty. The editors argue that the extent and intensity of institutional interaction between the EU and its member states have led to a system of institutional fusion