This volume explores the history and effects of so-called conversion therapy on LGBT people. Although the practice has been widely discredited, it remains legal in most states and continues to be practiced with lesbian, gay, and bisexual children and adolescents. Furthermore, as the past 20 years have seen an increase in gender nonconforming and transgender individuals, there has been a similar rise in efforts to socially reprogram gender nonconforming children and adolescents. What motivates individuals to seek these harmful treatments, either for themselves or for their children? What does the record show about the efficacy and effects of SOCE and GICE? This book synthesizes findings from a vast literature base to answer these and other important questions.