Preface. Selective Bibliography. Technical Terms and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Alphabet. 1.2 Phonetic Transcription. 1.3 The Two Varieties of 'H' in French. 1.4 Capitals. 1.5 Punctuation. 1.6 Division into Syllables. 1.7 Hyphens. 1.8 Accents and the Cedilla. 1.9 Diaeresis. 1.10 Elision. 1.11 Register and Medium. 2. The Noun Phrase. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Determiners. 2.3 Articles. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Definite Article. 2.3.3 Indefinite Article. 2.3.4 Partitive Article. 2.4 Gender. 2.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.2 Gender According to Meaning. 2.4.2.1 Gender and Sex. 2.4.2.2 Other Categories. 2.4.3 The Gender of Place-names. 2.4.4 Gender Shown by Ending. 2.4.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.4.2 Masculine Endings. 2.4.4.3 Feminine Endings. 2.4.4.4 Problematic Endings. 2.4.5 The Gender of Compound Nouns. 2.4.6 Words that are Identical in Form but Different in Gender. 2.4.7 Some Anomalies of Gender. 2.4.8 Gender of Other Parts of Speech Used as Nouns. 2.5 The Feminine of Nouns and Adjectives. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Spoken French. 2.5.3 Written French. 2.6 The Plural of Nouns. 2.6.1 Spoken French. 2.6.2 Written French. 2.6.3 Compound Nouns. 2.6.4 Miscellaneous. 2.7 The Plural of Adjectives. 2.8 Agreement of Adjectives. 2.9 The Position of Adjectives. 2.10 The Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs. 2.11 Adjectives Used as Nouns. 2.12 Numerals. 2.13 Fractions. 2.14 Pronouns and Pronominal Determiners. 2.14.1 Personal Pronouns. 2.14.1.1 Introduction. 2.14.1.2 Conjunctive Personal Pronouns. 2.14.1.3 Disjunctive Personal Pronouns. 2.14.1.4 Adverb Replacing Preposition + Pronoun. 2.14.2 Possessive Determiners and Pronouns. 2.14.2.1 Introduction. 2.14.2.2 Possessive Determiners. 2.14.2.3 Possessive Pronouns. 2.14.3 Demonstrative Determiners and Pronouns. 2.14.3.1 Introduction. 2.14.3.2 Demonstrative Determiners. 2.14.3.3 Demonstrative Pronouns. 2.14.3.4 The Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns. 2.14.3.5 The Simple Demonstrative Pronouns. 2.14.3.6 C'est and il est. 2.14.4 Relative Pronouns. 2.14.5 Interrogative Determiners and Pronouns. 2.14.5.1 Introduction. 2.14.5.2 Interrogative Determiners. 2.14.5.3 Interrogative Pronouns. 2.14.5.4 Indefinite Adjectives, Adverbs, Determiners and Pronouns. 2.14.6 Quantifiers. 3. Verbs. 3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 A The Conjugations. 3.1.2 B Names of Moods and Tenses. 3.1.3 C The Persons of the Verb. 3.1.4 D Defective Verbs. 3.1.5 E The Morphology (Forms) of the Verb. 3.1.5.1 The Endings. 3.1.5.2 The Stems. 3.1.5.3 A Note on the Subjunctive. 3.1.5.4 The Verbs avoir and etre. 3.1.5.5 Avoir. 3.1.5.6 Etre. 3.1.5.7 First Conjugation - Verbs in -er. 3.1.5.8 Second Conjugation - Verbs in -ir. 3.1.5.9 Third Conjugation - Verbs in -re. 3.1.5.10 Verbs in -oir. 3.1.5.11 Irregular Verbs. 3.1.6 F Reflexive Verbs. 3.1.7 G The Passive. 3.1.8 H Negative and Interrogative Conjugations. 3.1.9 I Person and Number. 3.1.9.1 Introduction. 3.1.9.2 Coordinate Subjects. 3.1.9.3 Collective Nouns. 3.1.10 J Tenses. 3.1.10.1 Introduction. 3.1.10.2 The 'Historic Present'. 3.1.10.3 The Imperfect, the Preterite, and the Perfect. 3.1.10.4 The Pluperfect and the Past Anterior. 3.1.10.5 The 'Double-Compound' Tenses. 3.1.10.6 Tenses with depuis (que), il y a (voici, voila)...que. 3.1.10.7 The Future, aller faire, etc. 3.1.10.8 The Conditional. 3.1.10.9 Tenses in Conditional Sentences with si 'if'. 3.1.11 K The Infinitive. 3.1.12 L The Present Participle. 3.1.13 M The Past Participle. 3.1.13.1 Introduction. 3.1.13.2 Compound Tenses with avoir. 3.1.13.3 Compound Tenses with etre. 3.1.13.4 Verbs Compounded with avoir or etre. 3.1.13.5 The Absolute use of the Past Participle. 3.1.13.6 The Agreement of the Past Participle. 3.1.14 N The Moods. 3.1.15 O The Subjunctive. 3.1.15.1 Introduction. 3.1.15.2 Fixed Expressions. 3.1.15.3 Constructions Allowing a Minimum of Variation. 3.1.15.4 Constructions Allowing a Greater Degree of Variation. 3.1.15.5 The Subjunctive Introduced by que (Introduction). 3.1.15.6 The Subjunctive in Independent Clauses. 3.1.15.7 The Subjunctive in Dependent que-clauses. 3.1.15.8 The Subjunctive after Conjunctions Formed on the Basis of que. 3.1.15.9 The Subjunctive in Relative Clauses. 3.1.15.10 The Tenses of the Subjunctive. 3.1.16 P 'May, Might, Must, Ought, Should, Would'. 3.1.17 Q The Imperative. 3.1.18 R The Complement of Verbs. 3.1.19 S Idioms with avoir, etre, faire. 4. The Structure of the Sentence. 4.1 Negation. 4.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.1.1 A Negation. 4.1.1.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.1.1.2 Ne and Another Element. 4.1.1.1.3 Negation without ne. 4.1.1.1.4 Ne Alone. 4.1.1.1.5 De, du, etc., un(e) and the Direct Object of Negative Verbs. 4.1.1.2 B The Negative Conjunction ni 'Neither, Nor'. 4.1.1.3 C Negation of an Element Other Than a Verb. 4.2 Interrogative Sentences (Questions). 4.2.1 Introduction. 4.2.1.1 A Direct Questions - Total Interrogation. 4.2.1.2 B Direct Questions - Partial Interrogation. 4.2.1.3 C Indirect Questions. 4.3 Inversion. 4.4 Dislocation. 5. Adverbs, Prepositions and Conjunctions. 5.1 Adverbs. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.1.1 A Adverbs of Manner. 5.1.1.2 B Adverbs of Time. 5.1.1.3 C Adverbs of Place. 5.1.1.4 D Adverbs of Quantity. 5.1.1.5 E Adverbs of Affirmation or Doubt. 5.1.1.6 F Adverbs of Negation. 5.1.1.7 G Interrogative Adverbs. 5.1.2 The Comparison of Adverbs. 5.1.3 The Position of Adverbs. 5.2 Prepositions. 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Simple Prepositions. 5.2.3 Complex Prepositions. 5.2.4 Government of Verbs by Prepositions. 5.2.5 Repetition of Prepositions. 5.2.6 The Meaning and Use of Individual Prepositions. 5.2.7 Prepositions Used with Adjectives or Past Participles. 5.3 Conjunctions. 5.3.1 Introduction. 5.3.2 Compound Conjunctions Not Requiring the Subjunctive. 5.3.4 Compound Conjunctions Requiring the Subjunctive. 5.3.5 Que as a Subordinating Conjunction. Appendix. Index
