Part 1: Introduction
1 Basic Issues in the Study of Development
Issues in the Study of Development
Two Key Questions
Influences on Development
The Ecological Perspective
Vulnerability and Resilience
Three Kinds of Change
Theories of Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
Cognitive Theories
Learning Theories
Comparing Theories
Finding the Answers: Research Designs and Methods
The Goals of Developmental Science
Studying Age-Related Changes
Descriptive Methods
Experimental Methods
Cross-Cultural Research
Research Ethics
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research: Responding to Media Reports of Research
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The Real World: Helping Children Who Are Afraid to Go to School
THE NEXT STEP
PART 2: The Beginnings of Life
2 Prenatal Development
Conception and Genetics
The Process of Conception
Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
Development from Conception to Birth
The Stages of Prenatal Development
Sex Differences in Prenatal Development
Prenatal Behavior
Problems in Prenatal Development
Genetic Disorders
Chromosomal Errors
Teratogens: Maternal Diseases
Teratogens: Drugs
Other Teratogens and Maternal Factors
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research: Assisted Reproductive Technology
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The Real World: Fetal Assessment and Treatment
THE NEXT STEP
3 Birth and Early Infancy
Birth
Birth Choices
The Process of Birth
Low Birth Weight
Behavior in Early Infancy
Reflexes and Behavioral States
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Abilities
Learning
Temperament and Social Skills
Health and Wellness in Early Infancy
Nutrition, Health Care, and Immunizations
Illnesses
Infant Mortality
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research Variations in Infants' Cries
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The real world Breast or Bottle?
PART 3: The Physical Child
4 Physical Development
The Brain and Nervous System
Growth Spurts
Synaptic Development
Myelination
Lateralization
Size, Shape, and Skills
Growth
Bones, Muscles, and Fat
Using the Body
The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Hormones
Sequence of Changes in Girls and Boys
The Timing of Puberty
Sexual Behavior in Adolescence
Prevalence of Sexual Behavior
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Teenage Pregnancy
Sexual Minority Youth
Health and Wellness
Health in Childhood
Excessive Weight Gain
Poverty and Children's Health
Risky Behavior in Adolescence
Mortality
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT Research Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN The real world A Good Night's Sleep for Kids (and Parents, Too!)
5 Perceptual Development
Thinking about Perceptual Development
Ways of Studying Early Perceptual Skills
Explanations of Perceptual Development
Sensory Skills
Seeing
Hearing and Other Senses
Perceptual Skills
Looking
Listening
Combining Information from Several Senses
Ignoring Perceptual Information
The Object Concept
Object Perception
Object Permanence
Perception of Social Signals
Early Discrimination of Emotional Expressions
Cross-Cultural Commonalities and Variations
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Langlois's Studies of Babies' Preferences for Attractive Faces
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Infant Responses to Maternal Depression
PART 4 The Thinking Child
6 Cognitive Development I: Structure and Process
Piaget's Basic Ideas
Schemes
Adaptation
Causes of Cognitive Development
Infancy
Piaget's View of the Sensorimotor Period
Challenges to Piaget's View of Infancy
The Preschool Years
Piaget's View of the Preoperational Stage
Challenges to Piaget's View of Early Childhood
Theories of Mind
False Belief and Theory of Mind across Cultures
Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking
The School-Aged Child
Piaget's View of Concrete Operations
Different Approaches to Concrete Operational Thought
Adolescence
Piaget's View of Formal Operations
Post-Piagetian Work on Adolescent Thought
Development of Information-Processing Skills
Changes in Processing Capacity and Efficiency
Memory Strategies
Metamemory and Metacognition
Expertise
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Summary
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THINKING ABOUT research Elkind's Adolescent Egocentrism
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Leading Questions and Children's Memory
7 Cognitive Development II: Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Measuring Intellectual Power
The First IQ Tests
Modern IQ Tests
Stability of Test Scores
What IQ Scores Predict
Explaining Individual Differences in IQ Scores
Twin and Adoption Studies
Family Characteristics and IQ Scores
Interventions and IQ Scores
Interactions of Heredity and Environment
Explaining Group Differences in IQ or Achievement Test Scores
Ethnic Differences
Cross-Cultural Differences
Sex Differences
Alternative Views of Intelligence
Information-Processing Theory
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Creativity
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Summary
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THINKING ABOUT research The Flynn Effect
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Stereotype Threat
8 The Development of Language
Before the First Word: The Prelinguistic Phase
Early Sounds and Gestures
Receptive Language
Learning Words and Word Meanings
The First Words
Later Word Learning
Constraints on Word Learning
Learning the Rules: The Development of Grammar and Pragmatics
Holophrases and First Sentences
The Grammar Explosion
Later Grammar Learning
Pragmatics
Explaining Language Development
Environmental Theories
Nativist Theories
Constructivist Theories
Individual and Group Differences in Language Development
Differences in Rate
Cross-Cultural Differences in Language Development
Learning to Read and Write
The Early Foundation: Phonological Awareness
Becoming Literate in School
Learning a Second Language
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Sign Language and Gestures in Children Who Are Deaf
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world One Language or Two?
PART 5 The Social Child
9 Personality Development: Alternative Views
Defining Personality
Temperament
The Big Five
Genetic and Biological Explanations of Personality
The Biological Argument
Critique of Biological Theories
Learning Explanations of Personality
The Learning Argument
Critique of Learning Models
Psychoanalytic Explanations of Personality
The Psychoanalytic Argument
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
Evidence and Applications
Critique of Psychoanalytic Theories
A Possible Synthesis
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Summary
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THINKING ABOUT research Locus of Control and Adolescent Health
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Temperamental Surgency in the Toddler Classroom
10 Concepts of Self, Gender, and Sex Roles
The Concept of Self
The Subjective Self
The Objective Self
The Emotional Self
Self-Concept at School Age
Self-Concept and Identity in Adolescence
Ethnic Identity in Adolescence
Self-Esteem
The Development of Self-Esteem
Consistency of Self-Esteem over Time
The Development of the Concepts of Gender and Sex Roles
Developmental Patterns
Sex-Role Concepts and Stereotypes
Explaining Sex-Role Development
Biological Approaches
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Summary
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THINKING ABOUT research Gender Differences in Temperament: Real or Imagined?
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Adolescent Rites of Passage
11 The Development of Social Relationships
Relationships with Parents
Attachment Theory
The Parent's Bond to the Child
The Child's Attachment to the Parent
Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Variations in the Quality of Attachments
Secure and Insecure Attachments
Temperament and Attachment
Stability and Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Quality
Relationships with Peers
Peer Relationships in Infancy and the Preschool Years
Peer Relationships at School Age
Social Status
Peer Relationships in Adolescence
Sibling Relationships
Behavior with Peers
Prosocial Behavior
Aggression
Trait Aggression
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Summary
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THINKING ABOUT research Bullies and Victims
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Rearing Helpful and Altruistic Children
12 Thinking About Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development
The Development of Social Cognition
Some General Principles and Issues
Describing Other People
Reading Others' Feelings
Describing Friendships
Understanding Rules and Intentions
Moral Development
Dimensions of Moral Development
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Causes and Consequences of Moral Development
Alternative Views
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research: Preventing Violence by Increasing Children's Emotional Competence
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world: Learning and Unlearning Prejudice
PART 6 The Whole Child
13 The Ecology of Development: The Child within the Family System
Understanding the Family System
Family Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Approach
Dimensions of Family Interaction
Individuals in the Family System
Warmth and Responsiveness
Methods of Control and Communication Patterns
Parenting Styles
Types of Parenting Styles
Parenting Styles and Development
Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Parenting Styles
Family Structure, Divorce, and Parental Employment
Family Structure
Divorce
Parents' Jobs
Social Support for Parents
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research To Spank or Not to Spank?
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world When Divorce Is Unavoidable
14 Beyond the Family: The Impact of the Broader Culture
Nonparental Care
Difficulties in Studying Nonparental Care
Effects of Early Nonparental Care on Development
Before- and After-School Care
The Impact of Schools
Early Childhood Education
Elementary School
The Transition to Secondary School
Engagement in and Disengagement from Secondary School
Homeschooling
The Impact of Entertainment Media
Television and Video Games
Computers and Electronic Multitasking
Macrosystem Effects: The Impact of the Larger Culture
Socioeconomic Status and Development
Race and Ethnicity
The Culture as a Whole
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research The Effects of Teenaged Employment
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Choosing a Child Care Center
Chapter 15
Atypical Development
Understanding Atypical Development
Types of Problems
Theoretical Perspectives on Atypical Development
Developmental Psychopathology
Attention Problems and Externalizing Problems
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Internalizing Problems
Eating Disorders
Depression
Adolescent Suicide
Atypical Intellectual and Social Development
Mental Retardation
Learning Disabilities
Giftedness
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Schooling for Atypical Children
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Summary
Key Terms
THINKING ABOUT research Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE IN the real world Knowing When to Seek Professional Help
Epilogue
Putting It All Together: The Developing Child
Transitions, Consolidations, and Systems
From Birth to 24 Months
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes
The Preschool Years
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes
The Elementary School Years
The Transition between 5 and 7
Central Processes
Influences on the Basic Processes: The Role of Culture
Adolescence
Early and Late Adolescence
Central Processes and Their Connections
Influences on the Basic Processes
A Return to Some Basic Questions
What Are the Major Influences on Development?
Does Timing Matter?
What Is the Nature of Developmental Change?
What Is the Significance of Individual Differences?
A Final Point: The Joy of Development
Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
