1. Introduction 1
Peggy Carlson, MD
Vegetarians 2
History of Vegetarian Diets 2
Diets around the World 5
History of the "Western" or "Affluent" Diet 5
History of Scientific Research into Diet-Related Diseases 9
Conclusion 13
References 13
2. Protein 15
Virginia Messina, MPH, RD
Introduction 15
Summary of the Scientific Literature 15
Practical Aspects 19
Conclusion 19
References 21
3. Fats 23
Brenda Davis, RD
Introduction 23
Summary of the Scientific Literature 24
Practical Aspects 38
Conclusion 46
References 46
4. Fiber 51
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 51
Summary of the Scientific Literature 51
Practical Aspects 60
Conclusion 60
References 61
5. Iron 64
Dina Aronson, MS, RD
Introduction 64
Summary of the Scientific Literature 64
Practical Aspects 74
Conclusion -- Vegetarians: At Risk, or Having an Edge? 75
References 76
6. Calcium and Vitamin D 78
Suzanne Havala Hobbs, DrPH, MS, RD
John J. B. Anderson, PhD
Introduction 78
Summary of the Scientific Literature 79
Practical Aspects 80
Conclusion 81
References 82
7. Vitamin B12 83
Michael A. Klaper, MD
Introduction 83
Summary of the Scientific Literature 83
Practical Aspects 88
Conclusion 91
References 91
8. Zinc 93
Virginia Messina, MPH, RD
Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA
Introduction 93
Summary of the Scientific Literature 93
Practical Aspects 96
Conclusion 96
References 97
9. Other Vitamins and Minerals 99
Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA
Introduction 99
Summary of the Scientific Literature 99
Practical Aspects 107
Conclusion 107
References 108
10. Heart Disease 111
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 111
Summary of the Scientific Literature 111
Practical Aspects 126
Conclusion 127
References 127
11. Cancer 134
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 134
Summary of the Scientific Literature: Cancer Rates among Vegetarians 134
The Relationship Between Diet and Cancer 140
Practical Aspects 155
Conclusion 156
References 156
12. Hypertension 162
James Craner, MD, MPH
Introduction 162
Summary of the Scientific Literature 163
Practical Aspects 178
Conclusion 179
References 179
13. Stroke 184
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 184
Summary of the Scientific Literature 184
Practical Aspects 196
Conclusion 196
References 196
14. Obesity and a Vegetarian Diet 202
Sudba Raj, PhD, RD
Introduction 202
Summary of the Scientific Literature 202
Practical Aspects 208
Conclusion 209
References 209
15. Diabetes and Vegetarian Diets 212
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 212
Summary of the Scientific Literature 214
Practical Aspects: How to Plan a Vegetarian Diet for Diabetics 232
Conclusion 233
References 233
16. Osteoporosis 239
John J. B. Anderson, PhD
Suzanne Havala Hobbs, DrPH, MS, RD
Introduction 239
Summary of the Scientific Literature 239
Practical Aspects 246
Conclusion 247
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
17. Gallbladder Disease, Diverticulitis, Appendicitis, Kidney Stones, and Kidney Failure 250
Valerie Kurtzbalts, MSN, APRN, BC
Peggy Carlson, MD
Introduction 250
Summary of the Scientific Literature 250
Practical Aspects 259
Conclusion 259
References 260
18. Vegetarian Diets and Children 264
Jeanene Fogli, MS, RD, LDN
Carol M. Meerschaert, RD, LDN
Introduction 264
Summary of the Scientific Literature 264
Practical Aspects 270
Conclusion 274
References 27
19. Pregnancy and Lactation 277
Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA
Introduction 277
Summary of the Scientific Literature 277
Practical Aspects 282
Conclusion 284
References 284
20. Optimal Nutrition for Active Vegetarians and Vegetarian Athletes 288
D. Enette Larson-Meyer, PhD, RD, FACSM
Mary Helen Niemeyer, MD, MPH, FAAFP
Introduction 288
Summary of the Scientific Literature 289
Practical Aspects 309
Conclusion 310
References 310
21. Environmental and Food Safety Aspects of Vegetarian Diets 317
Carl V. Phillips, MPP, PhD
Simon K. Emms, PhD
Erin L. Kraker, MS, REHS
Introduction 317
Types of Animal Food Production 318
A Variety of Environmental Impacts 318
Summary of the Scientific Literature 319
Practical Aspects 333
Conclusion 334
Acknowledgment 335
References 335
22. Planning Nutritious vegetarian Diets 338
Cheryl Sullivan, MA, RD
Introduction 338
Summary of the Scientific Literature 338
Practical Aspects 342
Conclusion 343
References 344
23. Conclusion: Summary of Protective Factors 345
Virginia Messina, MPH, RD
Peggy Carlson, MD
Factors in Vegetarian Diets That Are Protective 346
Vegetarian Diets May be More Healthful Because of Lower Intakes of These Factors 347
Conclusion 348
Contributors 349
Index 353
