The subject of this book is the formation of Western Europe from the late 10th to the early 13th century. During these years the economic face of Europe and its position in the world were transformed. Civilization, as we understand it today, was born. Although the period witnessed great historical events, such as the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099 and of Constantinople by their successors in 1204, the most significant events are often the obscure ones and the most significant utterances are often those of men withdrawn from the world and speaking to the very few.