This volume, part of The Short Oxford History of the Modern World, is a survey of European history from the coup d' 'etat of Napoleon Bonaparte in France to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo, which led to the First World War. It concentrates on the twin themes of revolution and nationalism, which often combined in the early part of the century but which increasingly became rival creeds. Going beyond traditional political and diplomatic history, the book incorporates the results of recent research on population movements, the expansion of markets, the accumulation of capital, social mobility, education, changing patterns of leisure, religious practices, and intellectual and artistic developments.