In this text, state-of-the-art material in research, literature and teaching has been incorporated to provide coverage of physiology. Emphasis is on fundamental mechanisms and concepts rather that on isolated facts, an approach that should help students gain a full understanding of the science. There has been an integration of cell and molecular physiology throughout. Relevant discussions of membrane transport, ionic pathways, neuro-transmitters, the autonomic nervous system and electrophysiology have been added.