List of Tables and Figures
Preface
1. Introduction
The Role of Elections
Why Africa?
On Regimes
On Elections and Democracy
Preindependence and Postindependence Elections in African Nations
Contemporary Africa's Track Record
Outline of the Book
2. On Democracy and Elections
Making a Conceptual Choice
Defining Democracy
Operationalizing Democratic Qualities of Elections
Data Collection and Processing
3. Elections in Africa over Time
Frequency and Number of Elections
The Democratic Qualities, on Average
Democratic Qualities of Elections over Time Conclusions
4. The Self-Reinforcing Power of Elections
Going from Bad to Worse
First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Later Elections
A Panel-Group Comparison
Conclusions
5. The Causal Effects of Elections
Democratic Qualities in Society
A Missing Factor of Democratization
Hypotheses and Causal Links
6. Democratization by Elections?
Elections Are Associated with Civil Liberties
Analyzing by Countries
Conclusions
7. Comparative Perspectives and Reflections
The Transition Paradigm
Corruption and Democratization
Stateness and Social Citizenship
Lessons on Consolidation
Policy Implications
The Power of Elections in Unfavorable Conditions
Appendix 1: Overview of Elections in Africa, by Year
Appendix 2: Changes in Civil Liberties Rankings
Appendix 3: About the Freedom House Civil Liberties Index
Appendix 4: A Data Set on Elections in Africa
Notes
References
Index