SPIRITUAL EXPLANATIONS ; NATURAL EXPLANATIONS ; SCIENTIFIC THEORIES ; CAUSATION IN SCIENTIFIC THEORIES ; THREE FRAMES OF REFERENCE ; RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE THREE FRAMES OF REFERENCE ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; THE SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND OF CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY ; BECCARIA AND THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL ; FROM CLASSICAL THEORY TO DETERRENCE RESEARCH ; THREE TYPES OF DETERRENCE RESEARCH ; RATIONAL CHOICE AND OFFENDING ; ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND VICTIMIZATION ; CONCLUSIONS ; BACKGROUND: PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND DEFECTIVENESS ; LOMBROSO, THE BORN CRIMINAL AND POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY ; GORING'S REFUTATION OF THE BORN CRIMINAL ; BODY TYPE THEORIES ; FAMILY STUDIES ; TWIN AND ADOPTION STUDIES ; NEUROTRANSMITTERS ; HORMONES ; THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ; THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ; ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF BEHAVIOR ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; INTELLIGENCE AND CRIME: BACKGROUND IDEAS AND CONCEPTS ; IQ TESTS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR ; DELINQUENCY, RACE, AND IQ ; INTERPRETING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DELINQUENCY AND IQ ; PERSONALITY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR ; PSYCHOPATHY AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER ; CLINICAL PREDICTION OF FUTURE DANGEROUSNESS ; ACTUARIAL PREDICTION OF LATER CRIME AND DELINQUENCY ; DEPRESSION AND DELINQUENCY ; IMPULSIVITY AND CRIME ; POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONALITY RESEARCH ; CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: GUERRY AND QUETELET ; RESEARCH ON CRIME AND POVERTY: CONTRADICTIONS AND DISAGREEMENTS ; CRIME AND UNEMPLOYMENT: A DETAILED LOOK AT RESEARCH ; PROBLEMS INTERPRETING RESEARCH ON CRIME AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; EMILE DURKHEIM ; CRIME AS NORMAL IN MECHANICAL SOCIETIES ; ANOMIE AS A PATHOLOGICAL STATE IN ORGANIC SOCIETIES ; DURKHEIM'S THEORY OF CRIME ; CONCLUSION ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; THE THEORY OF HUMAN ECOLOGY ; RESEARCH IN THE DELINQUENCY AREAS OF CHICAGO ; POLICY IMPLICATIONS ; RESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION, SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION, AND CRIME ; SAMPSON'S THEORY OF COLLECTIVE EFFICACY ; EXPANDING INTEREST IN NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL PROCESSES ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; ROBERT K. MERTON AND ANOMIE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY ; STRAIN AS THE EXPLANATION OF GANG DELINQUENCY ; 1960S STRAIN-BASED POLICIES ; THE DECLINE AND RESURGENCE OF STRAIN THEORIES ; STRAIN IN INDIVIDUALS ; STRAIN IN SOCIETIES ; CONCLUSION ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LEARNING ; SUTHERLAND'S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY ; RESEARCH TESTING SUTHERLAND'S THEORY ; THE CONTENT OF LEARNING: CULTURAL AND SUBCULTURAL THEORIES ; THE LEARNING PROCESS: SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ; ATHEN'S THEORY OF VIOLENTIZATION ; IMPLICATIONS ; CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; EARLY CONTROL THEORIES: REISS TO NYE ; MATZA'S DELINQUENCY AND DRIFT ; HIRSCHI'S SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY ; ASSESSING SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY ; GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME ; ASSESSING GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; THE MEANING OF CRIME TO THE SELF: LABELING THEORY ; THE MEANING OF CRIME TO THE CRIMINAL: KATZ'S SEDUCTIONS OF CRIME ; THE SITUATIONAL MEANING OF CRIME: ZIMBARDO'S LUCIFER EFFECT ; THE MEANING OF CRIME TO THE LARGER SOCIETY: DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL REACTION ; STATE POWER AND THE MEANING OF CRIME: CONTROLOLOGY ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; EARLY CONFLICT THEORIES: SELLIN AND VOLD ; CONFLICT THEORIES IN A TIME OF CONFLICT: TURK, QUINNEY, AND CHAMBLISS AND SEIDMAN ; BLACK'S THEORY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LAW ; A UNIFIED CONFLICT THEORY OF CRIME ; TESTING CONFLICT THEORY ; IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; OVERVIEW OF MARX'S THEORY ; MARX ON CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ; THE EMERGENCE OF MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY ; MARXIST THEORY AND RESEARCH ON CRIME ; OVERVIEW OF POSTMODERNISM ; POSTMODERN CRIMINOLOGY ; CONCLUSION ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY ; SCHOOLS OF FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY ; GENDER IN CRIMINOLOGY ; WHY ARE WOMEN'S CRIME RATES SO LOW? ; WHY ARE MEN'S CRIME RATES SO HIGH? ; CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; THE GREAT DEBATE: CRIMINAL CAREERS, LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH, AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND CRIME ; CRIMINAL PROPENSITY VERSUS CRIMINAL CAREER ; THE TRANSITION TOWARD DEVELOPMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY ; THREE DEVELOPMENTAL DIRECTIONS ; THORNBERRY'S INTERACTIONAL THEORY ; SAMPSON AND LAUB'S AGE-GRADED THEORY OF INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL ; TREMBLAY'S DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION ; CONCLUSIONS ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; ELLIOTT'S INTEGRATED THEORY OF DELINQUENCY AND DRUG USE ; THE FALSIFICATION VS. INTEGRATION DEBATE ; BRAITHWAITE'S THEORY OF REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING ; TITTLE'S CONTROL BALANCE THEORY ; COERCION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ; BERNARD AND SNIPES'S APPROACH TO INTEGRATING CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES ; AGNEW'S GENERAL THEORY ; CONCLUSION ; KEY TERMS ; DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ; SCIENCE, THEORY, RESEARCH, AND POLICY ; INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE THEORIES ; STRUCTURE/PROCESS THEORIES ; THEORIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CRIMINAL LAW ; CONCLUSION
