This study is part of a series which, after describing the social, political, religious and intellectual climate in which the visual arts developed in a particular period, traces the genesis and attainments of the painting, sculpture, architecture and luxury arts of the period, the features that distinguish its style and the artists who practised it. This volume follows the developments that took place during the nineteenth century in all areas of art and shows how technological progress had direct consequences on artistic expression. The author relates how new developments in optics influenced the work of the Impressionists and advances in engineering enabled such distinctive structures as the Eiffel Tower to be built. He explains how the effects of these and numerous other influences on the period produced Goya and Rodin, the Pre-Raphaelites and the creators of Art Nouveau.