From the ancient Phoenicians through Maimonides to Pablo Picasso's retrospective exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in 1980, this study spans more than three thousand years of Spain's Andalusian civilization. Allen Josephs focuses on the cultural distinctions that have set Andalucia apart throughout recorded history: its Oriental origins, its ancient commerce and industry, its religious practices, and its varied artistic expression of those practices through music, dance, and the drama of toreo. Josephs interweaves the writings of poets, historians, and archaeologists from Strabo and Polybius to Adolf Shulten, Richard Ford, Jose Ortega y Gasset, and Federico Garcia Lorca to illuminate the pervasive influence of this ancient culture on all Hispanic peoples.