Part 1 Introduction to Systems 1
Chapter 1 System Science and Engineering 2 1.1 System Definitions and Elements 3
1.2 A Classification of Systems 6
1.3 Science and Systems Science 8
1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 11
1.5 Transition to the Systems Age 14
1.6 Systems Engineering 17
1.7 Summary and Extensions 19
Questions and Problems 21
Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being 22 2.1 The Engineered System 23
2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 26
2.3 The Systems Engineering Process 30
2.4 System Design Considerations 32
2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 38
2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 44
2.7 A Generic System Example 49
2.8 Summary and Extensions 50
Questions and Problems 51
Part 2 The System Design Process 53
Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design 54
3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification 55
3.2 Advanced System Planning 56
3.3 System Feasibility Analysis 58
3.4 System Operational Requirements 59
3.5 Maintenance and Support Concept 69
3.6 Technical Performance Measures 75
3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation 78
3.8 System Trade-off Analyses 86
3.9 System Specification 86
3.10 Conceptual Design Review 89
3.11 Summary and Extensions 90
Questions and Problems 91
Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design 93 4.1 Subsystem Design Requirements 94
4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications 94
4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem) 96
4.4 Detailed Design Requirements 103
4.5 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies 107
4.6 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition 111
4.7 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 111
4.8 Summary and Extensions 116
Questions and Problems 117
Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development 119 5.1 Detail Design Requirements 120
5.2 Design Engineering Activities 121
5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities 123
5.4 Design Tools and AIDS 126
5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration 128
5.6 Development of Engineering Models 130
5.7 System Prototype Development 133
5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 133
5.9 Incorporation of Design Changes 137
5.10 Summary and Extensions 138
Questions and Problems 140
Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 142 6.1 Requirements for System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 143
6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 146
6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 149
6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 152
6.5 Conducting System Test, Data Collection, and Test Reporting 154
6.6 System Modifications 155
6.7 Summary and Extensions 158
Questions and Problems 159
Part 3 Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 160
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 162
7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 163
7.2 Models in Decision Making 164
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 169
7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria 173
7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 180
7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 182
7.7 Summary and Extensions 192
Questions and Problems 194
Chapter 8 Models for Economic Evaluation 199 8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 200
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 205
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 209
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 217
8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 219
8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 221
8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 224
8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 230
8.9 Summary and Extensions 231
Questions and Problems 232
Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 236 9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 237
9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 244
9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 266
9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 271
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 273
9.6 Summary and Extensions 282
Questions and Problems 284
Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 289 10.1 The Queuing System 290
10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 293
10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 297
10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 307
10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 309
10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 312
10.7 Summary and Extensions 320
Questions and Problems 322
Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 325 11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 326
11.2 Statistical Process Control 328
11.3 Optimum Policy Control 340
11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT 343
11.5 Total Quality Control Methods 354
11.6 Summary and Extensions 360
Questions and Problems 361
Part 4 Design for Operational Feasibility 367
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 369
12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 370
12.2 Measures of Reliability 371
12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 382
12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 394
12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 405
12.6 Summary and Extensions 413
Questions and Problems 414
Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 418 13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 419
13.2 Measures of Maintainability 420
13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 434
13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 437
13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 445
13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 467
13.7 Summary and Extensions 474
Questions and Problems 475
Chapter 14 Design for Usability (Human Factors) 479 14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 480
14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 493
14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 494
14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 499
14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 505
14.6 Personnel test and Evaluation 507
14.7 Summary and Extensions 507
Questions and Problems 508
Chapter 15 Design for Supportability (Serviceability) 510 15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 511
15.2 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 516
15.3 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 519
15.4 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 538
15.5 Supportability Analysis (SA) 545
15.6 Supportability Test and Evaluation 547
15.7 Summary and Extensions 550
Questions and Problems 552
Chapter 16 Design for Producibility and Disposability 554 16.1 Introduction to Producibility and Disposability 555
16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle 558
16.3 Design for Producibility and Manufacturability 562
16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress 566
16.5 Design for Disposability 570
16.6 A Life Cycle Value-Cost Diagram 572
16.7 Summary and Extensions 574
Questions and Problems 577
Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 578 17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 579
17.2 Cost Considerations in the System Life Cycle 582
17.3 The Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 587
17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 606
17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 632
17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 645
17.7 Summary and Extensions 647
Questions and Problems 649
Part 5 Systems Engineering Management 657
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 659
18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 660
18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 660
18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 678
18.4 Summary and Extensions 691
Questions and Problems 692
Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 694 19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 695
19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 696
19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 698
19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 701
19.5 Risk Management 710
19.6 Summary and Extensions 712
Questions and Problems 713
Part 6 Appendices 715
Appendix A Functional Analysis 716
A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams 716
A.2 Some Examples of Application 718
Appendix B Design and Management Checklists 726 B.1 Design Review Checklist 727
B.2 Management Review Checklist 728
Appendix C Probability Theory and Analysis 732 C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 732
C.2 Probability Distribution Models 735
C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 744
Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables 747 Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 747
Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 747
Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 747
Appendix E Interest Factor Tables 755 Tables E.1 to E.10 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 755
Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables 766 Table F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors 766
Appendix G Selected Bibliography 774 G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering 774
G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering 776
G.3 Software and Computer-Aided Systems 776
G.4 Reliability Engineering 777
G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance 777
G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 778
G.7 Production, Manufacturing, Quality Control and Assurance 778
G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain Management, and Supportability 780
G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management 781
G.10 Engineering Economy and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 781
G.11 Management and Supporting Areas 782
Appendix H Selected Web Sites 783
Index
