Materials - the technical pen, pen use and maintenance, the crow quill, ink, coloured inks, liquid acrylics, watercolour, watercolour paper, brushes; basic texturing techniques - pen and ink, value, contrast, dry surface, damp surface, wet-on-wet, impressed textures, salt and alcohol, spatter, stamping, combining pen and ink and watercolour; the look of transparency - glass, eyes, calm water, white water, waterfalls, surf and ocean waves; metallic impressions - polished silver, brass and gold and copper and bronze, cast-iron and tarnished metal, enamelware, rust; earth textures - soil, sand, gravel, volcanic rocks, granite, marble, sandstone, adobe and brick, stone masonry, stone walls; skies and weather - cumulus clouds, rain clouds, rainbows, thunderstorms, snow, sunset, sunrise; wood grain patterns - wood grain, polished wood, weathered wood and old paint, aged fencing, old wooden structures, driftwood; tree techniques - conifer bark, hardwood bark, roots, branches, foliage, distant trees, background trees; translucent florals - floral pen sketches, watercolour florals, varied floral textures, leaf textures, weeds and grasses, moss and ferns, lichen, mushrooms; still life strategies - fruit, eggs and onions, seashells, textiles, basketry, pottery; fur to feathers - animal hair, scaly skin, butterflies, feathers.