Scientific reductionism, often defined as a method of understanding the whole by examining the parts, has had some spectacular success since the early 19th century, and is deemed to impose a deterministic non-anthropocentric immutable nature on the Universe. In the later 20th century, many discoveries and hypotheses in both biological and cosmological systems have forced a re-evaluation of the scientist's traditional mind set. Eminent scientists come together in this volume to examine and discuss these issues, and to give illuminating examples.