As HIV spreads across the developing countries of the world, a second epidemic is never far behind. Tuberculosis has become the principal emerging infection and cause of death in AIDS patients. This report summarizes the current state of tuberculosis research and control and aims to: describe the global burden of tuberculosis and predict likely trends over the next decade with special attention to the HIV epidemic; identify and prioritize major research issues; and address specific questions relating to: diagnosis and clinical management; immunology and vaccinations; chemoprophylaxis; drug therapy and control strategies; and resource allocation.