First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Theories of learning within which mental mathematics can be developed; coordinating mental mathematics within the numeracy framework - variety, differentiation and mental strategies to aid understanding and links with written work; progression in mental/written and invented/taught methods - language for communicating and developing mental calculation strategies; mathematical images, formal and idiosyncratic, that children develop through primary years work in addition and subtraction; representation of mathematical ideas in multiplication and division - developing numerical competence; competence in memorising, recall and figuring out the unknown from the known; language and communication within mathematics.