This text focuses on two main themes: the ideas of the enlightened thinkers of the 18th century; and the extent to which such concepts were utilized by European monarchs. The discussion considers why these rulers were anxious to be associated with enlightened ideas, yet so rarely put them into practice. The minor rulers who can be classed as enlightened despots and the influence of the Enlightenment on the conduct of foreign policy are also considered. The book is part of the Access to History series, which provides a concise and readable introduction to major periods and topics in European and British history for both the higher level student and the general reader. Study guides for students are included in each chapter.