Part I. Historical Perspective Portal Hypertension: A History Adrian Reuben and Roberto J. Groszmann Part II. Pathobiology and Experimental Progress in Portal Hypertension Anatomy and Vascular Biology of the Cells in the Portal Circulation Massimo Pinzani and Francesco Vizzutti Cell and Molecular Mechanisms of Increased Intrahepatic Resistance and Hemodynamic Correlates Don C. Rockey Molecular Mechanisms of Systemic Vasodilation and Hyperdynamic Circulatory State of Cirrhosis Richard Moreau and Didier Lebrec Mechanisms of Sodium Retention, Ascites Formation, and Renal Dysfunction in Cirrhosis Andres Cardenas and Pere Gines Hepatic Hemodynamics in Portal Hypertension: Compliance, Hepatic Arterial Buffer Response, Hepatorenal Syndrome, and Liver Regeneration W. Wayne Lautt and Zhi Ming Neovascularization, Angiogenesis, and Vascular Remodeling in Portal Hypertension Manuel Morales-Ruiz and Wladimiro Jimenez Mechanisms of Cardiopulmonary Hemodynamics and Dysfunction in Portal Hypertension Michael B. Fallon Part III: Methodology to Assess Portal Hypertension in Humans Measurement of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient: Methods, Interpretation, and Pitfalls G. Pomier-Layrargues and P. Michel Huet Evaluation of Portal Hemodynamics Using Indicator Dilution and Noninvasive Techniques Juerg Reichen Endoscopic Assessment of Portal Hypertension Including Variceal Pressure Measurements: Methods, Interpretation, and Pitfalls Angels Escorsell and Jaime Bosch Part IV: Natural History and Treatment of Esophageal Varices Clinical Features and Natural History of Variceal Hemorrhage: Implications for Surveillance and Screening Juan G. Abraldes and Jaime Bosch Management Strategies for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Esophageal Variceal Rupture: AnOverview Roberto de Franchis Pharmacologic Therapy for the Management of Esophageal Varices: Biology and Utility of Available Agents Norman D. Grace and Richard S. Tilson Endoscopic Treatment for Bleeding Esophageal Varices John P. Cello Surgical Therapies for Management: Surgical Shunts and Liver Transplantation J. Michael Henderson Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent-Shunt: Technical Considerations and Clinical Utility in the Management of Variceal Hemorrhage Dhiraj Tripathi, Peter C. Hayes, Doris N. Redhead, and Rajiv Jalan Clinical Features and Management of Gastric Varices, Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy, and Ectopic Varices Charmaine A. Stewart and Patrick S. Kamath Part V: Natural History and Treatment of Ascites and Hepatorenal Syndrome Ascites: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Natural History Sakib Karim Khalid and Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao Management of Ascites Florence Wong Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Other Infections in Cirrhosis Rosa Maria Morillas and Ramon Planas Diagnosis and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome Kevin Moore Part V: Evaluation and Treatment in Special Circumstances of Portal Hypertension Pregnancy and Portal Hypertension Bimaljit Sandhu and Arun J. Sanyal Causes and Management of Portal Hypertension in the Pediatric Population Frederick C. Ryckman, Maria H. Alonso, and Greg Tiao Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension and Portal Vein Thrombosis Shiv K. Sarin and Manav Wadhawan Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction: Budd-Chiari Syndrome and Veno-Occlusive Disease (Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome) Hugo E. Vargas and Thomas D. Boyer Pulmonary Complications Associated with Portal Hypertension Karen L. Swanson and Michael J. Krowka Health Status Assessment and Economic An
