Introduction, Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thomson; referendums, David Butler; the referendum campaigns, David McCrone and Bethan Lewis; the 1997 Welsh referendum vote, Richard Wyn Jones and Dafydd Trystan; the 1997 Scottish referendum vote, David McCrone and Paula Surridge; nationalism in Wales, Scotland and England, John Curtice; are referendums second order elections?, Anthony Heath and Bridget Taylor; why was 1997 different?, Geoffrey Evans and Dafydd Trystan; civil society in Wales and Scotland, Richard Wyn Jones and Lindsay Paterson; Welsh nationalism - the past and the future, Kenneth O. Morgan; conclusion, Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thomson; technical appendix.