1 Introduction: Neuroethology, Perception, and Cognition, PART ONE Specializations in Learning, 2 Specializations in Honey Bee Learning, 3 Detecting Associations in Pavlovian Conditioning and Instrumental Learning in Vertebrates and in Invertebrates, 4 Neuroethological Studies on How Birds Discriminate Song, 5 Ecological Specialization in the Avian Brain, PART TWO Specializations for Perception of Biologically Relevant Stimuli, 6 The Perceptual Foundations of Vocal Learning in Budgerigars, 7 How Birds Use Frequency to Recognize Their Songs, 8 Development of Perceptual Mechanisms in Birds: Predispositions and Imprinting, 9 Neural Codes for "Pitch" Processing in a Unique Vertebrate Auditory System, 10 Recognition of Visual Signals: Eyes Specialize, PART THREE Specializations for Spatial Perception and Orientation, 11 Perception Along the Axis of Target Range in the Echolocating Bat, 12 Converging Approaches to Determining Sound Localization Mechanisms in the Big Brown Bat, 13 Sound Localization from Binaural Cues by the Barn Owl Auditory System