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The rise and fall of Kiev Rus; the Mongol conquest and the rise of Muscovy; the formation of a national state; Ivan The Terrible and the crisis of Russian autocracy; the time of troubles; the growth of absolution - the early Romanovs; expansion and bureaucracy - the age of Peter The Great; the birth of civil society; liberators and gendarmes; from reform to assassination; economic development and social change in the late imperial era; towards the first Russian revolution; last years of empire; war and revolution; red victory; recovery and consolidation ; The Revolution and the world; Stalinism; the great patriotic war; building an empire; from neo-Leninism to stagnation; the paradoxes of 'mature socialism'; the USSR as a world power; Gorbachev and after.