Preface ix
Useful data xi
1 Ideal gases 1
1.1 Thermodynamic variables 1
1.2 Microscopic viewpoint 6
1.3 Ideal gas mixtures 10
Problems 14
2 The first and second laws 17
2.1 Work 17
2.2 Energy conservation: the first law 21
2.3 Entropy and the second law 23
2.4 Boltzmann entropy 27
2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example 30
2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example 34
Problems 36
3 General applications 39
3.1 Thermodynamic potentials 39
3.2 Heat capacity 44
3.3 Properties of ideal gases 47
3.4 van der Waals gases 50
3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux 53
3.6 Latent heat 55
3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes 57
3.8 Potential temperature 60
Problems 63
4 The atmosphere under gravity 67
4.1 Geopotential 67
4.2 Hydrostatic balance 69
4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate 74
4.4 Buoyancy 77
4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function 81
4.6 Statistical mechanics 84
Problems 89
5 Water in the atmosphere 93
5.1 The ClausiusClapeyron equation 94
5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure 97
5.3 Humidity variables 100
5.4 Moist static energy 104
Problems 106
6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere 109
6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air 109
6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air 112
6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities 115
6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams 117
6.5 Convective available potential energy 121
7 Cloud drops 125
7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect 125
7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect 131
7.3 Kohler theory 132
7.4 Charge-enhanced nucleation 137
7.5 Droplet growth 141
Problems 151
8 Mixtures and solutions 153
8.1 Chemical potentials 153
8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions 155
8.3 Raoults law revisited 158
8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions 159
Problems 162
9 Thermal radiation 165
9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoffs law 165
9.2 The StefanBoltzmann and Wien displacement laws 168
9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect 170
9.4 Horizontal variations 175
9.5 Radiative intensity 177
9.6 Radiative transfer 180
9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium 185
9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas 191
9.9 Derivation of the Planck law 195
Problems 200
10 Non-equilibrium processes 203
10.1 Energetics of motion 203
10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law 208
10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems 213
10.4 Climate thermodynamics 215
Problems 220
Appendix A Functions of several variables 221
Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability 223
Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams 227
Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux 233
Index 235
