This volume brings together the major articles and lectures of Sir Michael Howard during his time at the University of Oxford between 1980 and 1989. Some reflect on contemporary events, but most are broadly concerned with the historical process which underlies international politics, and the nature of the insights which historians should be able to bring to the study of world affairs. In particular, they deal with the evolution of nations and nationalism in 19th-century Europe, and the relationship of that evolution to the transformation of agrarian into industrial societies; that process of modernization which, beginning in western Europe in the 18th century, was by the end of the 20th to encompass the entire world.