Contents -

PART 1 -

The Unique Position of the Carbon Atom in Chemistry -

1. The Nature of Organic Chemistry -

2. The Organic Chemist Looks at a Molecule -

3. Valence -

4. New Ideas on Valence -

5. The Unique Position of Carbon among the Elements -

6. The O C T E T in Chemistry -

7. The D U E T in Chemistry -

8. North and South Poles -

PART 2 -

The Architecture of Carbon Compounds -

9. Methane and the Structure Theory -

10. Carbon Chains -

11. Carbon Rings -

12. Morphology of Chain and Ring Compounds -

13. Double and Triple Bonds -

14. Energy and Molecular Structure -

15. PI Electrons -

16. Bond Energies and Resonance -

17. How Molecules React -

18. Why Molecules React -

19. The Benzene Ring -

20. Nuclear Reactions -

21. The Geography of the Benzene Ring -

22. Stereochemistry and Isomerism -

PART 3 -

The Classification of Carbon Compounds -

23. The Common Methods of Classification in Organic Chemistry -

24. Halogen Compounds and Free Radicals -

25. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers -

26. Aldehydes and Ketones -

27. Carboxylic Acids -

28. Mixed Oxygen Compounds -

29. Nitrogen Compounds -

30. Compounds with Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Other Elements -

PART 4 -

Special Topics in Organic Chemistry -

31. Structures of Complex Compounds -

32. Aromatic Character in Heterocycles and Condensed Cycles -

33. Proteins -

34. Carbohydrates -

35. Chemistry in Plant and Animal Life -

36. Dyes -

37. Isotopic Chemistry -

38. Giant Molecules -

Supplementary Reading -

Index -







Preface -

When Dr. Frank C. Whitmore was president of the American Chemical

Society in 1938 and made the customary tour of local ACS sections, he

used that occasion to spread the gospel of the electron theory of valence.

At one of his lectures the author of this book sat in the audience among a

mixed group of chemists consisting of technicians, students, and college

graduates. The lack of familiarity of organic chemists with the electron

was so obvious that it aroused in the author an urge to write an elementary introduction to organic chemistry in which the role of the electron

would be emphasized.

This book is especially intended to serve two groups of readers: those

engaged in work of a chemical nature who are not able to take a classroom

course in organic chemistry, and those in a college course who find they

have a need for a supplementary book to help clarify the approach to

modern organic chemistry. In other words, the book was conceived as

an integrated introduction to both electron-valence theory and organic

chemistry at a level suitable for self-study.

The first edition of this book appeared in 1943 during World War II.

A second edition, much enlarged, was published in 1955. For this third

edition the book has been extensively rewritten, and more than enough

material has been added so that it can serve as a textbook for a one-year

college course. The novel arrangement of the subject matter in the

earlier editions has been maintained. A teacher who prefers to lecture

largely from his own notes should find no difficulty incorporating his

material into the simple plan on which this book is based.