I Introduction: The Internationalization of Mathematics and the Interests Therein of Scientists and Philanthropists.- 1. The Notion of Internationalization as Used in this Book and the Unity of the International and National Dimensions of Science and Mathematics.- 2. The Political and Ideological Dimension of Internationalization and Tentative Remarks About the More General Notion of Modernization.- 3. Patriotic Political Posturing of German Scientists After World War I and the Exemplary Degree of Internationalization of German Science: An Example for Possible Conflicts Between Scientific and Political Interests.- 4. American Philanthropic Foundations and Their Interest in International Science and Mathematics Between the Two World Wars.- 5. The Intersection Between the Interests of Mathematicians and of the Foundations, and the Main Goals of this Book.- II The Political and Economic Conditions for International Scientific Collaboration After World War I and the Situation in Mathematics.- 1. Wickliffe Rose, the Beginnings of the International Education Board and the Central Role of the Fellowship Program.- 2. Rose's Trip to Europe (1923/24) and the Political and Economic Conditions for International Scientific Collaboration (Especially Migrations) After World War I.- 3. Rose's Trip to Europe, the Place of Physics and Mathematics in His Plan and the Peculiar Situation of German Mathematics.- 4. Emergency Help Following Rose's Trip to Europe: Support for Mathematical Publications and the Exceptional Founding of a New Journal: The Journal of the London Mathematical Society.- 5. International Comparisons in Mathematics on the Eve of Birkhoff's Trip to Europe.- 6. Birkhoff as the Leading American Mathematician, His Trip to Europe in 1926, and His Conclusions on the Problem of Mathematical Communication.- 7. Changed Assessments Following Birkhoff's Trip to Europe of the Relative Standing of International Mathematical Centres.- 8. Summary and Conclusions.- III General Ideological and Political Positions Underlying the IEB's Activities.- 1. Augustus Trowbridge's Appointment as Head of the IEB Office in Paris (1925).- 2. The Relation Between Saving and Developing Scientific Cultures, and Between Advanced and Backward Countries.- 3. Anti-Semitism as an Example for Political Resentments.- 4. The Excellence and Best Science Policy of the IEB and Its Inherent Conflict With Support for Backward Countries. First Examples from the IEB Fellowship Program for Mathematicians.- 5. Limits for the Transfer to Europe of the American (Sociological) Ideal of Cooperative Work in the Sciences.- 6. Further American Ideals and Requirements of Communication (Decentralization, Oral Communication, Matching Funds, Large-Scale Grants).- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- IV The Practice of the Fellowship Programs of IEB (1923-1928) and RF (After 1928), and the Particular Situation of Mathematics.- Preliminary Remarks.- 1. Criteria for the Selection of Fellows, Problems of Meeting the Criteria, and Exceptions Made.- 2. Details and Examples.- 3. The Restricted Power of the Advisors: Counselling, Tactics, and Dependence on the Philanthropists' Values.- 4. The Fellowship List, Some Related Statistics and First Conclusions, Especially With Respect to the Rise of American Mathematics.- 5. Reflections on and Impressions of the Cognitive Dimension of the Fellowship Programs.- 6. Selected Social Problems of (Scientific) Mathematical Communication in the 1920s and 1930s, Particularly in France, as Revealed in the Sources on Fellowships.- 7. The Rise of Soviet-Russian Mathematics and Problems of Response on the Part of Rockefeller Philanthropy: Especially Besicovitch, Lusin, and Kolmogorov.- 8. The Dominance of National (American) Interests in the IEB/RF Policies.- 9. Excursus: The Guggenheim Fellowship Program Since 1926.- 10. Summary and Conclusions.- V The Institute Projects in Europe 1926-1928: Goettingen, Paris, a Project Turned Down in Djursholm, and an Excursus on the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.- 1. The IEB Erects a New Mathematics Institute in Goettingen.- 1.1. Trowbridge's Visit to Goettingen in October 1925.- 1.2. The Visit of Trowbridge and Birkhoff to Goettingen (July 1926).- 1.3. The Fate of the Institute and Its Director Courant Under Nazi Rule.- 2. The Foundation of the Institut Henri Poincare in Paris.- 2.1 The Beginnings of the Institute, the Initial Role of Mathematical Physics, and the Gradual Realization of Trowbridge's Memo of May 1926.- 2.2. Introducing the Name `Henri Poincare' and Opening the Institute in November 1928.- 2.3. The Institut Henri PoincarE as an Element of Further Institutional Development in French Mathematics.- 2.4. The Institut Henri PoincarE Discloses its International Potentialities and Adds to the Cognitive Dimension in French Mathematics: The Role of Stochastics and the International Lecture Program in the 1930s.- 2.5. The Institut Henri PoincarE Released From Rockefeller Influence and Protection Until the Early Post-War Years.- 3. The Mathematical Institute in Djursholm (Sweden): A Case of Rockefeller Help Refused.- 4. Excursus: The Foundation of the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton) Around 1932 and Its Relation to the Rockefeller Projects.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- VI The Emergency Program of the RF After 1933 and Changing Attitudes of the RF Vis-A-Vis Mathematics Before the War: Mathematics Caught Between New Scientific Orientations and Catastrophic Political Developments.- Introduction: The Peculiar Situation in Mathematics, Especially the Role of Warren Weaver.- 1. The Seizure of Power by the Nazis in Germany, Consequences for Mathematics, Reactions by Rockefeller Philanthropy, and the Impact on the Regular Program in Europe.- 2. The Rockefeller Emergency Programs and Mathematics.- 3. Support for Interdisciplinary Research and Bordering Subjects of Mathematics and Taking Responsibility for General European Values.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- VII Epilogue.- Notes.- Appendices.- 1. Proposal by the Physicists of Goettingen for Support From the IEB 1924.- 2. A Memo by English Mathematician G.H.Hardy Asking for Support for a New Journal 1924.- 3. Nikolaj Lusin's Application for a IEB Fellowship, March 27, 1926.- 4. Paul Montel (1944) on the Origin of Plans for the Institut Henri Poincare in May 1926.- 5. A Memorandum by Augustus Trowbridge (lEB) on a Meeting With ?mile Borel Concerning Plans for the Foundation of an Institute for Mathematics and Mathematical Physics in Paris (May 1926).- 6. Report by A. Trowbridge on His trip to Goettingen July 2 Through July 4, 1926.- 7. G.D. Birkhoffs Report to the IEB of September 1926 Concerning His Trip to Europe.- 8. Richard Courant's Assessment of American Mathematics as of 1927.- 9. IEB-Fellow Heinz Hopf 1928 on the Exemplary Sports Facilities at American Universities.
