For decades, researchers and policymakers have examined the impact of development programs on women - and evidence of sustained gender discrimination has inspired local, national, and international policy reforms. But has the empowerment movement increased women's confrol of resources? Has it had the desired effect on gender relations traditionally defined by patriarchal ideology and institutions? Addressing these questions, this study explores international, national, and local empowerment efforts in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The result is a nuanced account of empowerment goals and strategies at all levels of initiative.