This study examines the changing nature of work and the work force in the British port transport industry since the 19th century. The authors explain the reasons for the prevalence--and persistence--of the system of casual employment on the docks, and assess its influence on the social attitudes, economic status, and working practices of dockers. Focusing on both industrial relations and government policy, the book casts new light on the role of trade unions and employers to the state and on the effects of official welfare measures and manpower planning.