This volume, by a distinguished group of historians and political scientists, makes an original contribution to the history of democracy in modern Europe. It examines the history of liberalism, anti-Semitism, and democracy. The strengths and weaknesses of political liberalism, its complex historical relationship with anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, and the development of democratic political cultures in Europe since the Second World War are explored. The book also discusses the concept of citizenship and human rights and the transfer of constitutional arrangements and party programmes across different regimes. The volume addresses both specific historical problems and comparative issues and ranges, for example, from the cultural history of Jewish violinists to the significance of the 1998 Red-Green coalition in Germany. This volume of essays is in honour of Peter Pulzer (Gladstone Professor of Politics in Oxford 1984-1996)