Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Chapter 1. An Introduction to Language Acquisition Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives Developmental Stages of Typical Language Development Communication, Speech, and Language Form Content Use Written Language and Reading Abilities Cognition Language Differences Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 2. An Introduction to Theories of Language Development Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives Speech Act Theory Functional Approach to Language and Cognition Behavioral Theory Principles and Parameters Theory Social Interaction Theory Cognitive Theory Emergentism Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 3. The Brain and Cognitive, Speech, and Language Development Sandra Levey and Denise Cruz Chapter Objectives The Brain and Language The Structure of the Neuron The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Two Hemispheres of the Cerebrum: Right and Left Lobes The Four Lobes of the Cerebrum: Speech, Language, and Cognitive Functions The Arcuate Fasciculus Subcortical Structures and Language Functions The Brainstem Cognitive Functions and the Brain Skills Associated With the Brain Neurological Disorders Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 4. Infant and Toddler Language Development Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives An Overview of Infant and Toddler Language Development Aspects of Children's Language Development Parent/Caregiver and Child Interaction Joint Attention and Joint Action Phonological Development Cognitive Development The Development of Humor The Formation of Schemas The Development of Play Morphological Development Morphophonology Syntactic Development Pronoun Acquisition Verbs The Development of Negative, Interrogative, and Imperative Sentence Forms Semantic Development Pragmatic Development Narrative Development Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 5. Preschool Language Development Sandra Levey Chapter Objectives An Overview of Preschool Language Development Preschool Aged Children's Conceptual Development Language Development Syntactic Development Semantics Metalinguistic Awareness Pragmatics Humor Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 6. Language Development in Middle and Late Childhood and Adolescence Sandra Levey and Denise Cruz Chapter Objectives Early Childhood, Late Childhood, and Adolescence Semantics Syntactic and Morphological Development Pragmatic Development Literacy Skills in Early, Middle, and Later Grades Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 7. The Development of Literacy Skills Sylvia F. Diehl Chapter Objectives The Development of Literacy Emergent Literacy Development of Code-Related Literacy Meaning Related Literacy Developmental Milestones Supporting Literacy Development in the Pre-School Years Literacy Development in the Elementary School Years Supporting Literacy Development in the Elementary School Years Literacy Development in Adolescence Supporting Adolescent Literacy Development Updated Vocabulary Instruction Recommendation: Morphology and Multiple Word Meanings Updated Comprehension Strategy Recommendation: Metacognitive Strategies Updated Extended Discussion Recommendation: Facilitate Critical Thinking in Discussions Updated Motivation Recommendation: Positive/Emphasis on Socioemotional Development Updated Recommendation for Individualize Instruction: Tutoring Added Recommendation Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 8. Bilingual Children's Language Development: Assessment and Intervention Celeste Roseberry-McKibbin Chapter Objectives Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition Typical Processes of Second Language Acquisition Simultaneous Versus Sequential Bilingual Acquisition Types of Language Proficiency Nonbiased Assessment: Principles and Strategies Language Difference Versus Developmental Language Disorder: Impact of the Environment Diagnostic Decisions Legal Considerations Nonbiased Assessment and Standardized Tests The Advantages of Alternative Assessment Strategies for the Use of Alternative Assessments Utilizing the Services of Interpreters The Use of Interpreters in Assessment Intervention for EL Students With DLD: Options for Students Who Qualify for Special Education Determining the Language(s) of Intervention Potential Targets for Intervention Summary Key Words Study Questions References Chapter 9. Language Development and Hearing Brian J. Fligor An Overview of the Role of Hearing in Language Development Chapter Objectives The Prevalence of Hearing Loss An Explanation of Hearing Abilities Types of Hearing Loss Normal Hearing Sensitivity in Children Hearing Assessment Sound Intensity and Frequency The Impact of a Hearing Loss on Language Development Age of Onset of Hearing Loss Signs of a Hearing Loss Intervention Devices Used for Hearing Habilitation: FM Systems, Hearing Aids, and Cochlear Implants Summary Key Words Study Questions References Glossary Index