This concise work features a large collection of essays on philosophers who have had a lasting impact on Western thought. The volume has been designed primarily as a reference text for undergraduate and postgraduate philosophy students, and non-specialist readers. The encyclopedia has been revised and updated to include 80 new articles. Some of the additions concern developments in philosophy over the past 30 years, while others take account of new ideas about old topics. Further articles deal with political or literary aspects of philosophy, psychoanalysis, Marxism and traditions in European continental philosophy.