Acknowledgements
Introduction
PART I - Metaphor and Linguistic Diversity
Chapter 1: Metaphoric expressions around the world: Variability and motivations
1.1 Key aspects and open questions: types of metaphoric expressions
1.2. Research directions: The motivations for metaphor variability
1.3 Metaphor variability applied: The interesting case of emotion-color associations
1.4 Summary
1.5 Activities
Chapter 2: Conceptual metaphors around the world: Variability and motivations
2.1. Key aspects and open questions: The universality of metaphor
2.2 Research directions: How language drives thought
2.3. Metaphor variability applied: Building cross-linguistic repositories
2.4 Summary
2.5 Activities
PART II - Metaphor and Cognition
Chapter 3: Meaning variability: Literal and metaphorical meanings
3.1 Key aspects and open questions: On the status of literal vs. metaphorical meaning
3.2 Research directions: Processing literal vs. metaphorical meaning
3.3 Metaphor processing applied: Understanding literal vs. metaphorical meaning
3.4 Summary
3.5 Activities
Chapter 4: Speakers variability: First- vs. second-language speakers processing metaphors
4.1 Key aspects and open questions: Metaphorical competence in L1 and L2/LS
4.2 Research directions: From the classroom to the lab
4.3 Metaphor processing applied: L2 vs. L1 speakers use of conventional metaphors
4.4 Summary
4.5 Activities
PART III Metaphor and Communication
Chapter 5: Metaphor variability in monomodal and multimodal communication
5.1 Key aspects and open questions: Genres and modes of metaphor expression
5.2 Research directions: The interpretation of metaphors expressed beyond language
5.3 Metaphor variability across modes applied: Tools for metaphor identification and analysis in still and moving images
5.4 Summary
5.5 Activities
Chapter 6: Metaphor in verbal vs. visual communication
6.1 Key aspects and open questions: Metaphoric pictorial expressions and conceptual metaphors
6.2 Research directions: On the role of iconicity in constructing metaphors in different semiotic systems
6.3 Metaphor variability across modes applied: on the deliberateness of metaphors expressed beyond language
6.4 Summary
6.5 Activities
PART IV - Metaphor and Creativity
Chapter 7: Creativity and metaphorical thinking and talking
7.1 Key aspects and open questions: Creative thinking
7.2 Research directions: Linguistic creativity and metaphor
7.3 Variability in creative metaphor applied: mixing idiomatic expressions and novel idioms
7.4 Summary
7.5 Activities
Chapter 8: Different ways to be creative with metaphors in language
8.1 Key aspects and open questions: Degrees of creativity
8.2 Research directions: The effect of creative metaphor
8.3 Variability in creative metaphor applied: how different groups of speakers comprehend different types of creative metaphoric expressions
8.4 Summary
8.5 Activities
Conclusion
