While today we are experiencing a revival of world art and the so-called global turn of art history, encounters between art historians and anthropologists remain rare. Even after a century and a half of interactions between these epistemologies, a sceptical distance prevails with respect to the disciplinary other. This volume is a timely exploration of the roots of this complex dialogue, as it emerged worldwide in the colonial and early postcolonial periods, between 1870 and 1970. Exploring case studies from Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, and the United States, this volume addresses connections and rejections between art historians and anthropologists-often in the contested arena of primitive art. It presents better- and lesser-known actors, from the art historian-anthropologist Aby Warburg to the modernist Brazilian artist Tarsila do Amaral, and from curators-museum directors such as Alfred Barr and Rene d'Harnoncourt to the curator-impresario Leo Frobenius. Entering the current debates on decolonizing the past, this collection will prompt reflection on future relations between these two fields.