Introduction; Part I. Historical Foundations and Perspectives: 1. Building a science of population biology Richard Lewontin; 2. Toward a population biology, still Richard Levins; Part II. Genotypes to Phenotypes: New Genetic and Bioinformatic Advances: 3. Genetic dissection of quantitative traits Trudy Mackay; 4. Gene expression profiling in evolutionary genetics Daniel Hartl, Colin Meiklejohn, Cristian Castillo-Davis, Duccio Cavelieri, Jose Ranz and Jeffrey Townsend; 5. Population biology and bioinformatics Brian Golding; 6. Beyond beanbag genetics: Wright's adaptive landscape, gene interaction networks and the evolution of new genetic systems Rama Singh and Richard Morton; Part III. Phenotypes to Fitness: Genetics and Ecology of Populations: 7. Density dependant selection Freddy Christiansen; 8. Non-synonymous polymorphisms and frequency-dependent selection Bryan Clarke; 9. Why k=4Ns is silly John Gillespie; 10. Inferences about the structure and history of populations: Coalescents and intraspecific phylogeography John Wakeley; 11. The population genetics of life-history evolution Brian Charlesworth; 12. Gene-environment complexities: what is so interesting to measure and to model? Peter Taylor; 13. Genus-specific diversification of mating types Marcy Uyenoyama and Naoki Takebayashi; Part III. Genes, Organisms and Environment: Evolutionary Case Studies: 14. Adaptation, constraint, and neutrality: mechanistic case studies with butterflies and their general implications Ward Watt; 15. Evolution in hybrid zones Daniel Howard, Seth Britch, W. Evan Braswell and Jeremy Marshall; 16. Nine relatives from one African ancestor: Population biology and evolution of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup species Daniel Lachaise, Pierre Capy, Marie-Louise Cariou, Dominique Joly, Francoise Lemeunier and Jean R. David; Part IV. Applied Population Biology: Biodiversity and Food, Disease and Health: 17. Conservation biology: where are we? Philip Hedrick; 18. The emergence of modern human mortality patterns Shripad Tuljapurkar; 19. Units of selection and the evolution of virulence Paul Ewald and Gregory Cochran; 20. Evolutionary genetics and emergence of RNA virus diseases Edward Holmes; 21. A scientific adventure: a fifty years study of human evolution Luigi Cavalli-Sforza; 22. Geneticists and the biology of race, 190024 Will Provine.