This fifth edition of Accounting Theory presents the principal approaches and proposed solutions to the problem of formulating an accounting theory and brings the book up to date with the latest theoretical developments. Accounting theory is a highly complex subject for students to understand. No single generally accepted theory has been created, despite many attempts. Different assumptions and methodologies have resulted in a variety of frameworks, which some experts find acceptable. But it is vital to uphold the consistent standards that define the nature, function and scope of financial statements and the techniques for producing them. To understand how accounting theories are constructed and verified is to understand the essence of accounting.