There have been a great many approaches in managment thinking, which have all come and gone as the latest approach surpasses and discredits its predecessor. One philosophy of management which has successfully maintained both its relevance and effectiveness, however, is that of "output-orientation", developed by Bill Reddin and implemented by businesses - both large and small throughout the 1980s. This is an approach firmly rooted in the day to day realities of management, which has as its rubric the extent to which a manager achieves the outputs appropriate to his or her position. It is able therefore to be a real tool of management improvement. The tests included here will help all managers evaluate their own output abilities; sometimes challenging, sometimes intriguing, these tests are intended to enable managers to work towards lasting self-development. Managers can check their own scores and analyze them against a performance "profile" - a management personality model designed to give immediate insights into style and effectiveness. Managers are then able to move on to a further section which aims to show how to improve for the best possible results. Areas covered by the tests include communication, human resources management, time management and the management of tasks.