Karl Popper and Friedrich von Hayek are remembered as two of the twentieth centurys greatest proponents of open society. However, over the years, Hayeks ideas have tended to be favoured over Poppers in both academic and political discussions. This book aims to improve understanding of Poppers and Hayeks philosophies by explaining their differences, and whilst doing so, to encourage liberal political philosophers to take a better-informed and more sympathetic look at Poppers ideas about open society.

Popper and Hayek differed in subtle but fundamental ways about rationality, economism, and democracy. They thus differed about whether and to what extent society is well served by deliberate attempts at social engineering and government intervention in the economy. They also differed about whether democracy is better served by institutions designed to elect the best leaders, or by institutions designed to protect us against the leaders we elect. And they differed, perhaps most importantly, about whether we should value freedom as a means to prosperity or an end-in-itself.

This book argues that Hayeks views about rationality, economism, and democracy are fundamentally at odds with Poppers and perhaps even with open society itselfand that the unintended consequences of Hayeks views may actually pose a threat to Poppers vision of a liberal and free open society.