Merrow: Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics 3e SECTION 1: AIRWAY Approach to Pediatric Airway Normal Dynamic Airway Findings in Infants Expiratory Buckling of Trachea Pseudothickening of Retropharyngeal Tissues Newborn Airway Obstruction Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele Choanal Atresia Congenital High Airway Obstruction Sequence Tracheal Agenesis Infectious Causes of Airway Compromise Epiglottitis Croup Exudative Tracheitis Retropharyngeal Space Abscess Obstructive Sleep Apnea Enlarged Adenoid Tonsils Enlarged Palatine Tonsils Enlarged Lingual Tonsils Glossoptosis Extrinsic Vascular Compression of Airway Double Aortic Arch Pulmonary Sling Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome Right Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery Miscellaneous Airway Obstructions Infantile Hemangioma, Airway Tracheobronchomalacia SECTION 2: CHEST Approach to Pediatric Chest Normal Developmental Variants Normal Thymus Palpable Normal Variants of Chest Wall Congenital Lung Lesions Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation Bronchopulmonary Sequestration Bronchogenic Cyst Congenital Lobar Overinflation Bronchial Atresia Neonatal Chest Issues Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Surfactant Deficiency Disease Neonatal Pneumonia Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Transient Tachypnea of Newborn Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema Neonatal Pneumothorax Chylothorax Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Umbilical Catheter Positions and Complications Esophageal Intubation ECMO Catheters PICCs Chest Infections Viral Chest Infection Round Pneumonia Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema Pneumonia with Cavitary Necrosis Fungal Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Children Papillomatosis Pulmonary Masses Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Mediastinal Masses Lymphoma Germ Cell Tumors Neuroblastoma, Thoracic Trauma Child Abuse, Rib Fractures Lung Contusion and Laceration Aortic Injury Pneumomediastinum Pediatric Interstitial Lung Diseases Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis Alveolar Growth Abnormality Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders Swyer-James Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Pulmonary Miscellaneous Asthma Bronchial Obstruction Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Chronic Esophageal Foreign Body Sickle Cell Disease, Acute Chest Syndrome Pectus Excavatum Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair Appearance Askin Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma of Chest Wall Chest Wall Mesenchymal Hamartoma Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis SECTION 3: CARDIAC Approach to Pediatric Heart Congenital Heart Disease Atrial Septal Defect Ventricular Septal Defect Atrioventricular Septal Defect Patent Ductus Arteriosus Tetralogy of Fallot Pulmonary Atresia Ebstein Anomaly D-Transposition of Great Arteries L-Transposition of Great Arteries Tricuspid Atresia Truncus Arteriosus Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Left Coronary Artery Anomalous Origin Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Aortic Coarctation Aortic Stenosis Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Scimitar Syndrome Surgical Procedures for Congenital Heart Disease Blalock-Taussig Shunt Sano Shunt Glenn Shunt Fontan Operation Norwood Procedure Arterial Switch Procedure Amplatzer Occluder Device Cardiomyopathies Myocarditis Left Ventricular Noncompaction Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Cardiomyopathy Miscellaneous Heterotaxia Syndromes Rhabdomyoma Kawasaki Disease Rheumatic Heart Disease Marfan Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome SECTION 4: GASTROINTESTINAL Approach to Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tract Normal Pediatric Variants Normal Variations of Duodenojejunal Junction Position Normal Variations of Cecal Position Age-Related Appearance of Spleen Neonatal Upper Intestinal Obstructions Malrotation Midgut Volvulus Duodenal Atresia or Stenosis Duodenal Web Pyloric Atresia Neonatal Lower Intestinal Obstructions Jejunoileal Atresia Colonic Atresia Multiple Intestinal Atresias Meconium Ileus Neonatal Small Left Colon Hirschsprung Disease Anorectal Malformations Other Neonatal Gastrointestinal Disorders Meconium Peritonitis Necrotizing Enterocolitis Upper Gastrointestinal Abnormalities Typically Seen in Infants and Young Children Gastroesophageal Reflux Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Gastric Volvulus Ingested Coins Ingested Button Batteries Ingested Multiple Magnets Abnormalities of Abdominal Wall Hernias Omphalocele Gastroschisis Cloacal Exstrophy/OEIS Limb-Body Wall Complex Other Abnormalities Associated with Bowel Obstruction Appendicitis Ileocolic Intussusception Meckel Diverticulum Colonic Volvulus Internal Hernia Segmental Volvulus Liver Abnormalities Hepatoblastoma Hepatic Hemangiomas, Infantile and Congenital Hepatic Mesenchymal Hamartoma Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Hepatic Adenoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma Biliary Atresia Choledochal Cyst Caroli Disease Hepatic Fibrosis/Cirrhosis Steatosis/Steatohepatitis Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease Abernethy Malformation Liver Transplant Complications Splenic Abnormalities Wandering Spleen Splenic Infarct Splenic Cysts Cat-Scratch Disease Pancreatic Abnormalities Pancreatoblastoma Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm Pancreas Divisum Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction Annular Pancreas Pancreatitis Mesenteric Abnormalities Primary Mesenteric Adenitis Mesenteric Lymphatic Malformation Omental Infarction Trauma Hypoperfusion Complex Bowel Injury Hepatic Trauma Splenic Trauma Duodenal Trauma Pancreatic Trauma Abnormalities in Immunocompromised Children Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Pseudomembranous Colitis Neutropenic Colitis Graft-vs.-Host Disease Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Childhood Pneumatosis in Older Children Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Miscellaneous Esophageal Strictures Bezoars Gastrointestinal Duplication Cysts Small Bowel Intussusception Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura Cystic Fibrosis, Gastrointestinal Tract Burkitt Lymphoma Castleman Disease Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Abdominal Aneurysms SECTION 5: GENITOURINARY Approach to Pediatric Genitourinary Tract Normal Developmental Changes Normal Neonatal Kidney Normal Neonatal Adrenal Gland Normal Prepubertal Uterus and Ovaries Congenital Urinary Tract Abnormalities Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Vesicoureteral Reflux Ureteropelvic Duplications Ureterocele Primary Megaureter Megaureter-Megacystis Megacystis-Microcolon-Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome Prune-Belly Syndrome Posterior Urethral Valves Urachal Abnormalities Cloaca Bladder Exstrophy Renal Ectopia and Fusion Renal Agenesis Multicystic Renal Disease Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Dominant Renal Masses Wilms Tumor Nephroblastomatosis Multilocular Cystic Nephroma Mesoblastic Nephroma Rhabdoid Tumor Clear Cell Sarcoma of Kidney Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy Renal Medullary Carcinoma Angiomyolipoma Miscellaneous Renal Conditions Pyelonephritis Renal Injury Renal Stones Transient Neonatal Renal Medullary Hyperechogenicity Renal Vein Thrombosis Renal Artery Stenosis Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Bladder Abnormalities Neurogenic Bladder Bladder Diverticula Post-Deflux Procedure Appearance Rhabdomyosarcoma, Genitourinary Adrenal Abnormalities Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Neuroblastoma, Adrenal/Retroperitoneal Adrenocortical Carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Uterine and Ovarian Abnormalities Hydrometrocolpos Mullerian Duct Anomalies Ovarian Cyst Ovarian Teratoma Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood Ovarian Torsion Ectopic Ovary Scrotal/Testicular Abnormalities Epididymoorchitis Testicular Torsion Torsion of Testicular Appendage Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma Testicular Tumors Testicular Trauma Ectopic Testicle Variations of Hydroceles SECTION 6: MUSCULOSKELETAL Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System Normal Developmental Changes Primary and Secondary Growth Centers Red to Yellow Marrow Conversion Normal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease Distal Femoral Avulsive Irregularity Congenital Anomalies VACTERL Association Polydactyly Tibial/Fibular Hemimelia Tibial Bowing Arthrogryposis Clubfoot Discoid Meniscus Trauma: General Physeal Fractures Apophyseal Injuries Incomplete Fractures Child Abuse, Metaphyseal Fracture Child Abuse, Other Fractures Stress Injuries Osteochondroses Osteochondritis Dissecans Fracture Complications Orthopedic Hardware and Complications Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies, Acute and Chronic Morel-Lavallee Lesion Muscle Hernia Trauma: Upper Extremity Supracondylar Fracture Lateral Condylar Fracture Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Forearm Fractures Trauma: Lower Extremity ACL Injuries Patellar Dislocation Patellar Sleeve Avulsion Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Triplane Fracture Juvenile Tillaux Fracture Infection Osteomyelitis Syphilis Septic Arthritis Transient Synovitis Soft Tissue Abscess Soft Tissue Masses Infantile Hemangioma, Musculoskeletal Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma Venous Malformation, Musculoskeletal Lymphatic Malformation, Musculoskeletal Arteriovenous Malformation, Musculoskeletal Fibromatosis Infantile Myofibroma/Myofibromatosis Plexiform Neurofibroma Rhabdomyosarcoma, Musculoskeletal Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas Granuloma Annulare Myositis Ossificans Focal, Multifocal, And Diffuse Bone Lesions Ewing Sarcoma Osteosarcoma Leukemia Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Fibroxanthoma Osteoid Osteoma Chondroblastoma Osteochondroma Oncologic Hardware and Complications Abnormalities of Hip Developmental Hip Dysplasia Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Constitutional Disorders Of Bone Achondroplasia Mucopolysaccharidoses Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis Rheumatologic Diseases Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Dermatomyositis Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Miscellaneous Rickets Sickle Cell Disease Scoliosis Tarsal Coalition Brachial Plexopathy Hemophilia SECTION 7: BRAIN Approach to Pediatric Brain Normal Developmental Variation Normal Myelination Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces Congenital Malformations Dandy-Walker Continuum Other Cerebellar Malformations Cephalocele Holoprosencephalies Callosal Anomalies Hemimegalencephaly Lissencephaly Heterotopic Gray Matter Schizencephaly Polymicrogyria Focal Cortical Dysplasia Chiari 1 Chiari 2 Phakomatoses Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Tuberous Sclerosis Sturge-Weber Syndrome Infantile Hemangioma and PHACES Association Neurocutaneous Melanosis Cysts and Neoplasms Colloid Cyst Arachnoid Cyst Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts Pineal Cyst Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Pilocytic Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Ependymoma Brainstem Tumors DNET Ganglioglioma Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors CNS-PNET Craniopharyngioma Germinoma, Brain Choroid Plexus Tumors Traumatic and Vascular Lesions Child Abuse, Brain Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage White Matter Injury of Prematurity Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Childhood Stroke Moyamoya Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation Arteriovenous Malformation, Brain Cavernous Malformation Childhood Aneurysms, Brain Metabolic, Infectious, and Inflammatory Disorders Metabolic Brain Disease Mitochondrial Encephalopathies Leukodystrophies TORCH Infections Brain Abscess Acute Encephalitis Demyelinating Diseases SECTION 8: SPINE Approach to Pediatric Spine Congenital Spinal Malformations Myelomeningocele Lipomyelomeningocele Dorsal Dermal Sinus Caudal Regression Split Cord Malformation Terminal Myelocystocele Neurenteric Cyst Tethered Spinal Cord Scoliosis Syringomyelia NEOPLASMS Spinal Cord Ependymoma Spinal Cord Astrocytoma Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Inflammatory Lesions Discitis/Osteomyelitis Guillain-Barre Syndrome Transverse Myelitis TRAUMA Craniocervical Junction Injuries Chance Fracture Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis SECTION 9: HEAD AND NECK Approach to Neonatal Head & Neck Masses Nasal and Sinus Cavities Nasal Dermal Sinus Juvenile Angiofibroma Acute Rhinosinusitis ORBIT Orbital Cellulitis Retinoblastoma Temporal Bone Congenital Auricle Malformations Large Vestibular Aqueduct (IP-II) Congenital Cholesteatoma Acquired Cholesteatoma Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess Syndromes With Craniofacial Involvement CHARGE Syndrome Branchiootorenal Syndrome Treacher Collins Syndrome Pierre Robin Sequence Neck Masses Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Branchial Cleft Anomalies Acute Parotitis Infantile Hemangioma, Cervicofacial Rhabdomyosarcoma, Head and Neck Fibromatosis Colli Suppurative Adenitis Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical
