This best-selling series takes the mystery out of the composition process as it helps college-bound and college-level ESL students quickly improve their ability to write effectively in English. Addressing organization, rhetoric, grammar and mechanics, and sentence structure, these texts offer clear steps, numerous models, and many opportunities for writing practice
Preface
To the Student
Acknowledgments
PART I Writing a Paragraph
1 The Process of Academic Writing
Introduction
The Writing Process, Stage I: Prewriting
Step 1: Choosing and Narrowing a Topic
Step 2: Brainstorming
The Writing Process, Stage II: Planning (Outlining)
Step 1: Making Sublists
Step 2: Writing the Topic Sentence
The Writing Process, Stage III: Writing and Revising Drafts
Step 1: Writing the First Rough Draft
Step 2: Revising Content and Organization
Step 3: Proofreading the Second Draft
Step 4: Writing the Final Copy
Review
2 What Is a Paragraph? An Overview
Introduction
Paragraph Structure
The Three Parts of a Paragraph
Unity and Coherence
The Finished Assignment Format
Writing on a Computer
How to Write a Title
The Topic Sentence
Position of Topic Sentences
The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence
Writing Topic Sentences
The Concluding Sentence
Review
3 Unity and Outlining
Unity
Paragraph Outlining
The "Parallel Form" Rule
The "Equivalent Value" Rule: Outlines with Details
Review
4 Coherence
Introduction
Repetition of Key Nouns
Use of Consistent Pronouns
Transition Signals
Types of Transition Signals
Logical Order
Review
5 Kinds of Logical Order
Introduction
Chronological Order
Topic Sentences for Chronological Order
Transition Signals for Chronological Order
Logical Division of Ideas/Order of Importance
Transition Signals for Logical Division of Ideas
Transition Signals for Order of Importance
Topic Sentences for Logical Division/Order of Importance
Two Topic Sentence Tips
Comparison/Contrast
Transition Signals for Comparison/Contrast
Review
6 Concrete Support I
Introduction
Facts versus Opinions
Concrete Supporting Details
Examples/Extended Examples
Statistics
Review
7 Concrete Support II
Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries
Quotations
Paraphrases
Summaries
Documenting Sources of Information
In-Text Citations
List of Works Cited
Review
PART II Writing an Essay
8 The Essay
Writing an Essay
The Introductory Paragraph
The Concluding Paragraph
The Essay Body: Outlining
Transition Signals between Paragraphs
The Writing Process
Writing and Revising an Essay
The Writer's Changes to the First Draft
The Writer's Changes to the Second Draft
Review
9 Patterns of Essay Organization
Introduction
Chronological Order
Organization for Chronological Order
Logical Division of Ideas
Organization for Logical Division of Ideas
Cause and Effect Order
Organization for Cause and Effect Order
Block Organization with Transition Paragraphs
Chain Organization
Cause and Effect Structure Words
Comparison and Contrast Order
Comparison Structure Vocabulary
Organization for Comparison and Contrast Order
Review
PART III Sentence Structure
10 Types of Sentences
Clauses
Independent Clauses
Dependent Clauses
Clause Connections
Kinds of Sentences
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Compound-Complex Sentences
Compound Sentences (Coordination) versus Complex
Sentences (Subordination)
Review
Parallelism
Coordinators - And, Or, But
Correlative Conjunctions
Sentence Problems
Sentence Fragments
Choppy Sentences
Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices
Stringy Sentences
Review
11 Noun Clauses
Introduction
Types of Noun Clauses
Sequence of Tenses
That-Clauses
Subjunctive Noun Clauses
Wh-Word Clauses
If / Whether-Clauses
Review
12 Adverbial Clauses
Introduction
Types of Adverbial Clauses
Time Clauses
Place Clauses
Manner, Distance, and Frequency Clauses
Reason Clauses
Result Clauses
Purpose Clauses
Concession (Unexpected Result) Clauses
Contrast (Direct Opposition ) Clauses
Review
13 Relative Clauses
Introduction
Relative Pronouns and Adverbs
Position of Relative Clauses
Verb Agreement in Relative Clauses
Punctuation of Relative Clauses
Relative Pronouns as Subjects
Relative Pronouns as Objects
Possessive Relative Clauses
Subject Pattern
Object Pattern
Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions
Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality
Adverbial Relative Clauses
Review
14 Participial Phrases
Participles
Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases from Relative Clauses
Position and Punctuation Participial Phrases
General Form Participles - Active Voice
General Form Participles - Passive Voice
Continuous Form Participles
Perfect Form Participles
Participial Phrases from Adverbial Clauses
Reducing Adverbial Clauses to Participial Phrases
Review
Appendix A: Punctuation
Appendix B: Chart of Transition Signals
Appendix C: Writing under Pressure
Appendix D: Correction Symbols
Index