All models are lies. "The Earth orbits the sun in an ellipse with the sun at one focus" is false, but accurate enough for almost all purposes. This book describes the current state of the art of telling useful lies about time-varying systems in the real world. Specifically, it is about trying to "understand" (that is, tell useful lies about) dynamical systems directly from observa tions, either because they are too complex to model in the conventional way or because they are simply ill-understood. B(:cause it overlaps with conventional time-series analysis, building mod els of nonlinear dynamical systems directly from data has been seen by some observers as a somewhat ill-informed attempt to reinvent time-series analysis. The truth is distinctly less trivial. It is surely impossible, except in a few special cases, to re-create Newton's astonishing feat of writing a short equation that is an excellent description of real-world phenomena. Real systems are connected to the rest of the world; they are noisy, non stationary, and have high-dimensional dynamics; even when the dynamics contains lower-dimensional attractors there is almost never a coordinate system available in which these at tractors have a conventionally simple description.