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Case 4 Malaria: Coevolution of Humans and a Parasite.- 22. Species and Speciation.- 23. Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils.- Addition of the effect of mass extinctions on species diversity.- 24. Human Origins and Evolution.- Updated discussion of the relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, as well as Denisovans.- 25. Cycling Carbon.- Significantly revised link between the carbon cycle, biodiversity, and ecology.- Case 5 The Human Microbiome: Diversity Within.- 26. Bacteria and Archaea.- 27. Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity.- New branching order of the eukaryote tree in this chapter and onward to reflect new research in the past three years.- 28. Being Multicellular.- Case 6 Agriculture: Feeding a Growing Population.- 29. Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis onto Land.- A new discussion of plant nutrients.- 30. Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young.- An enhanced discussion of seeds, including the development of the embryo and dispersal structures.- New coverage of the genetic advantages of alternation of generations.- Addition of apomixis.- 31. Plant Growth and Development.- The section on the role of plant sensory systems in the timing of plant reproduction has been moved from Chapter 30 to Chapter 31..- 32. Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green.- 33. Plant Diversity.- Completely revised explanation of the basis for angiosperm diversity.- Plant and animal diversity chapters (Chapters 33 and 44) now include a brief review of organismal form and function, allowing these chapters to be used on their own or before the physiology chapters..- 34. Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity.- Case 7 Predator-Prey: A Game of Life and Death.- Brief descriptions of unfamiliar organisms and the major groups of organisms have been layered into the animal physiology chapters, to make it easier to teach physiology before diversity (Chapters 35-42)..- 35. Animal Nervous Systems.- 36. Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function.- 37. Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons.- 38. Animal Endocrine Systems.- 39. Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems.- A new section on the composition of blood.- 40. Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion.- 41. Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste.- 42. Animal Reproduction and Development.- New diagrams of hormone feedback loops in the menstrual cycle.- 43. Animal Immune Systems.- A new introduction to the immune system.- Case 8 Biodiversity Hotspots: Rain Forests and Coral Reefs.- 44. Animal Diversity.- A new discussion of nematodes.- Introduction of a newly-discovered species, Dendrogramma enigmatica.- 45. Animal Behavior.- 46. Population Ecology.- A new population growth equation.- 47. Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems.- A new discussion of facilitation.- An expanded discussion of herbivory.- A new example of microbial symbionts.- A new discussion of biodiversity and its importance.- 48. Biomes and Global Ecology.- An entirely new chapter on physical processes that underlie different biomes.- Differential solar energy around the globe and seasonality.- Wind and ocean currents.- Effects of circulation and topography on rainfall.- Expanded discussion of terrestrial biomes.- Freshwater and marine biomes.- Integration of concepts of biogeochemical cycles from Chapters 25 and 26 with ecological concepts.- Global patterns of primary production.- Global biodiversity.- 49. The Anthropocene: Humans as a Planetary Force.- A new Core Concept and discussion of conservation biology.