The Psychology of Extremism
Arie W. Kruglanski, Ewa Szumowska, and Catalina Kopetz
Extremism as a Motivational Construct
Consequences of Motivational Imbalance
The Present Volume: Motivational Imbalance Across Domains and Levels of Analysis
Part 1: Motivational Imbalance at Different Levels of Analysis
Part 2: Motivational Imbalance Across Domains of Human Endeavor
Part 1: Motivational Imbalance at Different Levels of Analysis
1. Incentive Salience in Irrational Miswanting and Extreme Motivation
H. M. Baumgartner, Erin E. Naffziger, David Nguyen, and Kent C. Berridge
Introduction
Reward Utilities and 'Wanting'
Attribution of Incentive Salience
'Irrational Miswanting' and 'Dangerous Desire'
Conclusion and Implications in Extreme Aggression
2. Attitudinal Extremism
Joseph J. Siev, Richard E. Petty, and Pablo Brinol
Developing a Model of Attitudinal Extremism
Candidates for Inclusion in a Model of Attitudinal Extremism
Properties of Attitudes That Increase Attributions of Extremism
Processes that Produce Polarized, Confident, and Unusual Attitudes
Properties of Attitudes that Predict Extreme Behavior
Threat as a Moderator of Compensation Effects
Conclusions
3. On Extreme Behavior and Outcomes: The Role of Harmonious and Obsessive Passion
Robert J. Vallerand and Virginie Paquette
A Dualistic Model of Passion
Passion and Extreme Behavior
Conclusions
4. The Extreme Group
John M. Levine and Arie W. Kruglanski
The Present Chapter
Quest for Significance
Narratives
Networks
Conclusion
5. Masters of Both: Balancing the Extremes of Innovation Through Tight-Loose Ambidexterity
Piotr Prokopowicz, Virginia K. Choi, and Michele J. Gelfand
Exploration and Exploitation: Understanding the Extremes of Innovation
Cultural Tightness-Looseness
Exploring Looseness, Exploiting Tightness
The Goldilocks Principle of Innovation
Discussion
Funding
6. The Evolution of Extremis
William von Hippel and Nadia Fox
How Might Extremism Have Evolved?
What Function Might Extremism Serve?
Is Extremism Unique to Humans?
How Does Morality Attenuate and Exacerbate Extremism?
Implications and Conclusions
Part 2: Motivational Imbalance Across Domains of Human Endeavor
7. The Psychology of Extreme Sports
Eric Brymer and Pierre Bouchat
Introduction
Traditional Perspectives on the Psychology of Extreme Sports
Beyond the Risk-Taking Narrative
Positive Psychology Perspectives
8. The Psychology of Gree
Katalin Takacs Haynes
Introduction to Greed Narratives
What Is Greed and Why Is It Extreme?
History of Greed
Greed in the Social Sciences
Multilevel Model of Greed as Extremism
Mitigating the Problem
9. Moral, Extreme, and Positive: What Are the Key Issues for the Study of the Morally Exceptional
William Fleeson, Christian Miller, R. Michael Furr, Angela Knobel, and Eranda Jayawickreme
The Promise of Studying the Morally Exceptional
Do Morally Exceptional People Exist?
Theoretical, Philosophical, and Theological Accounts of the Morally Exceptional
Empirical Findings: Why Are Some People Extremely Moral?
What Is Not Known
Three Difficulties for the Study of the Morally Exceptional and Strategies for Addressing Them
Difficulty 1: What Counts as 'Moral' and What Counts as 'Morally Good'?
Difficulty 2: What Counts as Exceptional?
Difficulty 3: What Will Be Added to the Study of Morality by Studying the Morally Exceptional in Particular?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
10. The Social Psychology of Violent Extremism
Erica Molinario, Katarzyna Jasko, David Webber, and Arie W. Kruglanski
Introduction
Perceived Efficacy of Violence
Feeling Noticed and Agentic
Ingroup Identification
Culturally Approved Violence
Violence as a Clear Response
Relative Deprivation and Inequality
The 3N Framework: Need, Narrative, and Networks
Conclusion
11. Motivational Imbalance in Jihadi Online Recruitment
Gabriel Weimann
Introduction
Online Recruitment
The Notion of Motivational Imbalance
'Narrowcasting'
Using Motivational Imbalance in Jihadi campaigns
Conclusions