1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Background Literature
1.3 Terminology
2. Aquatic Organisms of Concern
2.1 Fishes
2.2 Sea Turtles
2.3 Eggs and larvae
3. Hearing - A General Overview
3.1 Fish Hearing: Sensitivity to Sound
3.2 Lateral Line System
3.3 Turtle Hearing
3.4 Masking
3.5 Auditory Scene Analysis
3.6 Directional Hearing
4. Classification of Fishes and Sea Turtles with Respect to Sound Exposure Risk
4.1 Fishes
4.2 Sea Turtles
4.3 Larval Fish
4.4 Categories
5. Effects of Sound Exposure
5.1 Death and Injury
5.2 Effects on Hearing
5.3 Effects on Behavior
5.4 Population-Level Effects on Fitness and Survival
6. The Nature of Man-Made Sound
6.1 Metrics
6.1.1 Sound Pressure
6.1.2 Particle Motion
6.1.3 Peak Levels
6.1.4 Sound Intensity
6.1.5 Impulse
6.1.6 Sound Exposure Level
6.1.7 Cumulative Energy (Cumulative Sound Exposure Level)
6.1.8 Frequency Weighting
6.2 Sources
6.2.1 Explosions
6.2.2 Seismic Airguns
6.2.3 Pile Driving
6.2.4 Active Sonar
6.2.5 Continuous Sound Sources
7. Sound Exposure Guidelines
7.1 Current Guidelines for Injury
7.2 Current Guidelines for Behavior
7.3 Practical Approach to Recommending Sound Exposure Guidelines
7.4 Explanation of the Analyses
7.5 Guidelines
7.5.1 Source: Explosions
7.5.2 Source: Pile Driving
7.5.3 Source: Seismic Airguns
7.5.4 Source: Low- and Mid-Frequency Naval Sonar
7.5.5 Source: Shipping and Other Continuous Noises
8. Research Recommendations
8.1 General Comments
8.1.1 The Importance of Providing an Appropriate Acoustic Environment for Experiments
8.1.2 The Difficulties in Examining Behavior
8.1.3 The Diversity of Fishes and Sea Turtles
8.2 Research Requirements of Highest Priority
8.2.1 Fishes
8.2.2 Eggs and Larvae
8.2.3 Sea Turtles