Brief Table of Contents for Cultural Anthropology in a Globalizing World, 2/e
I. INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Anthropology and the Study of Culture
2. Researching Culture
II. CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS
3. Economic Systems
4. Reproduction and Human Development
5. Health, Illness and Healing
III. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
6. Kinship and Domestic Life
7. Social Groups and Social Stratification
8. Political and Legal Systems
IV. SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
9. Communication
10. Religion
11. Expressive Culture
V. CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL CHANGE
12. People on the Move
13. People Defining Development
Table of Contents
PART I INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology Works
Chapter 1 Anthropology and the Study of Culture
Introducing Anthropology
Biological or Physical Anthropology
Archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Applied Anthropology: Separate Field or Cross-Cutting Focus?
Lessons Applied: Orangutan Research Leads To Orangutan Advocacy
Introducing Cultural Anthropology
A Brief History of Cultural Anthropology
The Concept of Culture
Definitions of Culture
Characteristics of Culture
Culture Is Not the Same as Nature
Eating
Everyday Anthropology: Latina Power in the Kitchen
Drinking
Sleeping
Eliminating
Culture Is Learned
Cultures Are Integrated
Cultures Interact and Change
Multiple Cultural Worlds
Class
Race, Ethnicity, and Indigenous Peoples
Culturama: San Peoples of Southern Africa
Gender
Age
Institutions
Distinctive Features of Cultural Anthropology
Cultural Relativism
Valuing and Sustaining Diversity
Three Theoretical Debates in Cultural Anthropology
Biological Determinism versus Cultural Constructionism
Interpretive Anthropology versus Cultural Materialism
Individual Agency versus Structurism
Cultural Anthropology and Careers
Majoring in Anthropology
Graduate Study in Anthropology
Living an Anthropological Life
Chapter 2 Researching Culture
Changing Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology
From The Armchair to the Field
Participant Observation
Doing Fieldwork in Cultural Anthropology
Beginning the Fieldwork Process
Project Selection
Critical Thinking: Shells and Skirts in the Trobriand Islands
Culturama: The Trobriand Islanders of Papua New Guinea
Preparing for the Field
Working in the Field
Site Selection
Gaining Rapport
Gift Giving and Exchange
Microcultures and Fieldwork
Class
Race/Ethnicity
Gender
Age
Culture Shock
Fieldwork Techniques
Deductive and Inductive Research
Participant Observation
Talking with People
Combining Observation and Talking
Specialized Methods
Life History
Time Allocation Study
Texts
Archival and Historical Sources
Multiple Research Methods and Team Projects
Eye on the Environment: Researching Inuit Place Names and Landscape Knowledge
Recording Culture
Field Notes
Tape Recording, Photography, and Videos
Data Analysis
Analyzing Qualitative Data
Analyzing Quantitative Data
Representing Culture
Urgent Issues in Cultural Anthropology Research
Ethics and Collaborative Research
Collaborative Research
Safety in the Field
PART II CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 3 Economic Systems
Modes of Livelihood
Foraging
Everyday Anthropology: The Importance of Dogs
Division of Labor
Property Relations
Foraging As a Sustainable System
Horticulture
Division of Labor
Property Relations
Horticulture as a Sustainable System
Pastoralism
Division of Labor
Property Relations
Pastoralism as a Sustainable System
Agriculture
Division of Labor
Property Relations
Industrial Agriculture
The Sustainability of Agriculture
Critical Thinking: Was the Invention of Agriculture a Terrible Mistake?
Industrialism and the Information Age
Modes of Consumption and Exchange
Modes of Consumption and Exchange
Consumption Microcultures
Class and the Game of Distinction in Israeli Birthday Parties
Women's Deadly Diet in Papua New Guinea
Race and Children's Shopping in New Haven
Modes of Exchange
Balanced Exchange
Unbalanced Exchange
Other Forms of Unbalanced Exchange
Gambling
Lessons Applied: Assessing the Social Impact of Indian Casinos in California
Theft
Exploitation
Globalization and Changing Economies
Sugar, Salt, and Steel Tools in the Amazon
Global Networks and Ecstasy in the United States
Alternative Food Movements in Europe and North America
Continuities and Resistance: The Enduring Potlatch
Culturama: The Kwakwaka'wakw of Canada
Chapter 4: Reproduction and Human Development
Modes of Reproduction
The Foraging Mode of Reproduction
The Agricultural Mode of Reproduction
Culturama: The Old Order Amish of the United States and Canada
The Industrial/Informatics Mode of Reproduction
Culture and Fertility
Sexual Intercourse
When to Begin Having Intercourse?
Intercourse Frequency and Fertility
Fertility Decision Making
At the Family Level
At the State Level
At the Global Level
Fertility Control
Indigenous Methods
Induced Abortion
The New Reproductive Technologies
Infanticide
Personality and the Life Cycle
Birth, Infancy, and Childhood
The Birth Context
Lessons Applied: Mediating Cultural Conflict about the Treatment of a Newborn Baby in a U.S. Hospital Nursery
Bonding
Gender in Infancy
Socialization during Childhood
Adolescence and Identity
Is Adolescence a Universal Life-Cycle Stage?
Coming of Age and Gender Identity
Critical Thinking: Cultural Relativism and Female Genital Cutting
Sexual Identity and Gender Pluralism
Adulthood
Becoming a Parent
Middle Age
The Senior Years
The Final Passage: Death and Dying
Chapter 5 Health, Illness, and Healing
Ethnomedicine
Defining and Classifying Health Problems
Ethno-etiologies
Healing Ways
Community Healing
Healers
Healing Substances
Eye on the Environment: Local Botanical Knowledge and Child Health in the Bolivian Amazon
Three Theoretical Approaches
The Ecological/Epidemiological Approach
The Interpretivist Approach
Critical Medical Anthropology
Social Inequality and Poverty
Cultural Critique of Western Biomedical Training
Globalization and Change
New Infectious Diseases
Diseases of Development
Medical Pluralism
Selective Pluralism: The Case of the Sherpa
Culturama: The Sherpa of Nepal
Conflicting Explanatory Models
Applied Medical Anthropology
Reducing Lead Poisoning among Mexican American Children
Public Health Communication
Lessons Applied: Promoting Vaccination Programs in Developing Countries
Working Together: Western Biomedicine and Nonbiomedical Systems
PART III SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Chapter 6: Kinship and Domestic Life
How Cultures Create Kinship
Studying Kinship: From Formal Analysis to Kinship in Action
Descent
Unilineal Descent
Culturama: Minangkabau of Indonesia
Bilineal Descent
Sharing
Kinship through Food Sharing
Adoption And Fostering
Ritually Established Kinship
Marriage
Toward a Definition
Selecting a Spouse
Marriage Gifts
Forms of Marriage
Households and Domestic Life
The Household: Variations on a Theme
Intrahousehold Dynamics
Spouse/Partner Relationships
Sibling Relationships
Domestic Violence Between Partners
Lessons Applied: Ethnography for Preventing Wife Abuse In Rural Kentucky
Changing Kinship and Household Dynamics
Change in Descent
Change in Marriage
Changing Households
Chapter 7: Social Groups and Social Stratification
Social Groups
Friendship
Social Characteristics of Friendship
Friendship among the Urban Poor
Clubs and Fraternities
Countercultural Groups
Youth Gangs
Body Modification Groups
Cooperatives
Self-Help Groups
Social Stratification
Achieved Status: Class
Ascribed Status: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Caste
Eye on the Environment: Industrial Pollution and Activism in an African American Community in Georgia, the United States
Culturama: The Roma of Eastern Europe
Gender and Sexism
Caste and Casteism
Civil Society
Civil Society for the State: The Chinese Women's Movement
Activist Groups: Co-Madres
New Social Movements and Cyberpower
Chapter 8: Political and Legal Systems
Politics, Political Organization, and Leadership
Bands
Tribes
Big-Man and Big-Woman Leadership
Chiefdoms
States
State Powers and Roles
Eye on the Environment: Water, Pollution, and International Politics
Symbols of State Power
Gender and Leadership in States
Social Order and Social Conflict
Norms and Laws
Systems of Social Control
Social Control in Small-Scale Societies
Social Control in States
Specialization
Trials and Courts
Prisons and the Death Penalty
Social Inequality and the Law
Social Conflict and Violence
Ethnic Conflict
Warfare
Critical Thinking: Yanomami: The Fierce People?
Change in Political and Legal Systems
Emerging Nations and Transnational Nations
Culturama: The Kurds of the Middle East
Democratization
The United Nations and International Peacekeeping
PART IV SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
Chapter 9 Communication
The Varieties of Human Communication
Language and Verbal Communication
Two Features of Human Language
Formal Properties of Verbal Language
Nonverbal Language and Embodied Communication
Sign Language
Lessons Applies: Anthropology and Public Understanding of the Language and Culture of People Who Are Deaf
Silence
Body Language
Communicating with Media and Information Technology
The Politics of Journalism
Advertising for Latinos in the United States
Crossing the Digital Divide in Rural Hungary
Communication and Cultural Diversity and Inequality
Language and Culture: Two Theories
Critical Discourse Analysis: Class, Gender, Indigeneity, and Race
Gender in Euro-American Conversations
Gender and Politeness in Japanese, and Those Naughty Teenage Girls
Gay Language and Belonging in Indonesia
African American English: Prejudice and Pride
Language Change
The Origins and History of Language
Historical Linguistics
Writing Systems
Colonialism, Nationalism, and Globalization
European Colonialism and Contact Languages
Nationalism and Linguistic Assimilation
Culturama: The Saami of Sapmi, or Lapland
Global Languages
Endangered Languages and Language Revitalization
Critical Thinking: Should Dying Languages Be Revived?
Chapter 10 Religion
Religion in Comparative Perspective
What is Religion?
Magic Versus Religion
Varieties of Religious Beliefs
How Beliefs Are Expressed
Beliefs About Supernatural Forces And Beings
Eye on The Environment: Eagle Protection, National Parks, And The Preservation Of Hopi Indian Culture
Beliefs about Sacred Space
Ritual Practices
Life-Cycle Rituals
Pilgrimage
Rituals of Inversion
Sacrifice
Religious Specialists
Shamans and Priests
Other Specialists
World Religions and Local Variations
Hinduism
A Nayar Fertility Ritual
Hindu Women and Karma in Northern England
Buddhism
Local Spirits and Buddhism in Southeast Asia
Everyday Anthropology: Tattoos and Sacred Power
Judaism
Who's Who at the Kotel
Christianity
Protestantism among White Appalachians
The Last Supper in Fiji
Islam
Culturama: Hui Muslims of Xi'an, China
African Religions
Features of African Religions
Ras Tafari
Directions of Religious Change
Revitalization Movements
Contested Sacred Sites
Religious Freedom as a Human Right
Chapter 11 Expressive Culture
Art and Culture
What Is Art?
Critical Thinking: Probing the Categories of Art
Studying Art in Society
Focus on the Artist
Microcultures, Art, and Power
Performance Arts
Music and Gender among the Temiar of Malaysia
Country Music and Globalization in Brazil
Theater and Myth in South India
Architecture and Decorative Arts
Architecture and Interior Design
Gardens and Flowers
Play, Leisure, and Culture
Games and Sports as a Cultural Microcosm
Sports and Spirituality: Male Wrestling in India
Play, Pleasure, and Pain
Leisure Travel
Culturama: The Gullah of South Carolina
Change in Expressive Culture
Colonialism and Syncretism
Tourism's Complex Effects
Lessons Applied: A Strategy on Cultural Heritage for the World Bank
PART V CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL CHANGE
Chapter 12: People on the Move
Categories of Migration
Categories Based on Spatial Boundaries
Internal Migration
International Migration
Critical Thinking: Haitian Cane Cutters in the Dominican Republic: A Case of Structure or Human Agency?
Transnational Migration
Categories Based on Reason for Moving
Labor Migrants
Displaced Persons
Culturama: The Maya of Guatemala
Institutional Migrants
The New Immigrants to the United States and Canada
The New Immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean
Chain Migration of Dominicans
Salvadorans: Escaping War to Struggle with Poverty
The New Immigrants from Asia
Changing Patterns of Consumption among Hong Kong Chinese
Three Patterns of Adaptation among the Vietnamese
Hindus of New York City Maintain Their Culture
The New Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union
Soviet Jews Flee Persecution
Migration Politics, Policies, and Programs in a Globalizing World
Protecting Migrants' Health
Lessons Applied: Studying African Pastoralists' Movements for Risk Assessment and Service Delivery
Inclusion and Exclusion
Migration and Human Rights
Chapter 13: People Defining Development
Defining Development and Approaches to It
Two Processes of Cultural Change
Invention
Diffusion
Lessons Applied: The Saami, Snowmobiles, and the Need for Social Impact Analysis
Theories and Models of Development
Modernization
Growth-Oriented Development
Distributional Development
Human Development
Sustainable Development
Institutional Approaches to Development
Large-Scale Development Institutions
Grassroots Approaches
Culturama: The Peyizan yo of Haiti
The Development Project
Anthropologists and the Development Project Cycle
Cultural Fit
The Anthropological Critique of Development Projects
Development, Indigenous People, and Women
Indigenous People and Development
Indigenous People as Victims of Colonialism and Development Like
Indigenous People and Territorial Entitlements
Latin America
Canada
Asia
Africa
Australia and New Zealand
Organizing for Change
Women and Development
The Male Bias in Development
Women's Organizations for Change
Urgent Issues in Development
Life Projects and Human Rights
Eye on the Environment: Oil, Environmental Degradation, and Human Rights in the Nigerian Delta
Cultural Heritage and Development: Linking the Past and Present to the Future
Cultural Anthropology and the Future