PrefaceI THE SEARCH FOR ORDER--ABSOLUTISM AND ARISTOCRACYSOCIAL CONDITIONSGermanyFrom SimplicissimusFranceFrom Letters of the Abbess of Port-RoyalTHEORIES OF ABSOLUTISMRationalismFrom Jean Bodin. Six Books of the CommonwealthFrom Thomas Hobbes. LeviathanDivine RightFrom Bossuet. Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy ScripturePatriarchyFrom Robert Filmer. PatriarchaTHE COURT OF LOUIS XIVLife at VersaillesFrom Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-SimonPortrait of a MonarchFrom Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-SimonFrom Louis XIV. Letter to His HeirABSOLUTISM IN PRACTICEReligionFrom Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-SimonFrom Declaration of the Gallican ChurchFrom Louis XIV. Letter to His HeirMilitary OrganizationFrom Voltaire. The Age of Louis XIVEconomy and Local AdministrationFrom Colbert's MemorandaFrom Colbert's CorrespondenceEASTERN EUROPEThe Turkish MenaceFrom The Present State of the German and Turkish EmpiresPeter the GreatFrom Gilbert Burnett's HistoryFrom Von Korb's DiaryFrom De Missy's Life of PeterII THE SEARCH FOR ORDER CONSTITUTIONALISM AND OLIGARCHYCROWN AND PARLIAMENTEarlier ViewsFrom Fortescue. The Governance of England (1471)From Elizabeth's Golden Speech (1601)From James I. Speech to Parliament (1610)From Petition of Grievances (1610)CIVIL WARCharles I. The Break with ParliamentFrom Petition of Right (1628)Commons Protestation (1629)From Petition Accompanying the Grand Remonstrance (1641)Case of the Five MembersMilitia OrdinanceA Royal Martyr?Declaration of SovereigntyAct Establishing a Court to Try the KingCharles's DefenseThe SentenceLast WordsRELIGION AND SOCIAL PROTESTRadical DissentFrom The Free-Man's Freedom VindicatedFrom the Army Debates (1647)From A Fiery Flying RollFrom Winstanley. Letter to Lord FairfaxA Digger Song (1649)Women's RolesFrom Domesticall DutiesFrom HudibrasWomen's Petition (1649)From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem's GloryFrom George Fox. A Collection of. . . . EpistlesFrom The Sufferings of the People Called QuakersFrom Dorothy Osborne's LettersOLIVER CROMWELL AND THE INTERREGNUMWar and ReligionFrom Cromwell's Letters and SpeechesSocial LegislationFrom Acts and OrdinancesAuthority and ConsentDismissal of the Rump ParliamentFrom Clarendon's HistoryFrom Ludlow's MemoirsCromwell's Deathbed PrayerA Royalist ViewFrom Clarendon's HistoryFROM RESTORATION TO REVOLUTIONRestorationFrom John Evelyn's DiaryThe Glorious RevolutionFrom John Evelyn's DiaryFrom The Bill of Rights (1689)III COMMERCE AND EMPIRE -- THE WEST AND THE WORLDPATTERNS OF COMMERCEThe East IndiesFrom Report of Simon de PomponneThe AtlanticFrom The London Tradesman (1774)Instructions to Captain Lindsay (1754)From Diary of a CitizenFrom Letter of Peter Fontaine (1757)NORTH AMERICA-EXPLORATION AND IMMIGRATIONExploration and MissionariesFrom Voyages of MarquetteFrom Letters of Junipero SerraImmigrationFrom Journey to PennsylvaniaFrom British Customs ReportFrom J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. What Is an American?THE FAR EASTIndia -- Wealth and PowerFrom Robert Clive. Speech in Commons (1772)From Edmund Burke. Speech in Commons (1783)China -- Merchants and MissionariesFrom Memorandum of Huo Ju-hsiaFrom Decree of K'ang-hsi (1692)From Decree of Pope Clement XI (1715)From Decree of K'ang-hsi (1721)THE OLD COLONIAL SYSTEMEconomic Regulation from The Hat Act (1732)The System DefendedFrom Sir William Keith. A Short DiscourseThe System AttackedFrom Adam Smith. The Wealth of NationsEUROPEAN EMPIRES - GERMANY AND EASTERN EUROPEPrussiaFrom Report of Count Von SeckendorfFrom Letters of Frederick II and Frederick William IFrom Memoirs of Frederick IIFrom Frederick II. Essay on the Forms of GovernmentRussiaFrom Letter of Baron de BreteuilFrom Catherine II. Proposals for a New Law CodeFrom Decree on Serfs (1767)PolandFrom Memoirs of Frederick IIFrom Letter of Maria TheresaFrom Letter of Catherine IIIV THE ENLIGHTENMENT -- NATURE, REASON, AND PROGRESSNATURE AND MANNatural RightFrom John Locke. Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)Human NatureFrom John Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)GOD AND NATURETheismFrom Voltaire. Elements of the Philosophy of NewtonFrom Alexander Pope. An Essay on ManAtheismFrom Baron d'Holbach. Common SensePROGRESS AND REFORMThe Idea of ProgressFrom Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireFrom Marquis de Condorcet. Progress of the Human MindReformFrom The EncyclopediaFrom The EncyclopediaFrom Cesare Beccaria. Essay on Crimes and PunishmentsSKEPTICISM, FANATICISM, AND SATIRESkepticismFrom David Hume. An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingFrom Voltaire. Philosophical DictionaryFanaticismFrom the EncyclopediaSatire -- Candide and FigaroFrom Voltaire. Candide, or the OptimistFrom Beaumarchais. The Marriage of FigaroPOLITICAL IDEASRights and Liberties From Voltaire. Philosophical DictionaryFrom Montesquieu. Spirit of the LawsFrom Declaration of Independence (1776)Enlightened AbsolutismFrom Mercier de la Riviere. The Natural Order (1767)Totalitarian Democracy?From Jean Jacques Rousseau. The Social ContractLOVE AND FRIENDSHIPJulie de LespinasseFrom Memoir of Baron de GrimmFrom Memoir of MarmontelFrom Letter of Julie de LespinasseV INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURE, POLITICAL ECONOMYAGRICULTUREEnglish and French Agriculture ComparedFrom Arthur Young. Travels during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 . . . in the Kingdom of FranceFeudal Practices in German AgricultureFrom William Jacob. A View of the Agriculture . . . of Germany . . . Agricultural LaborersFrom David Davies. The Case of Labourers in Husbandry . . . (1795)MANUFACTURESpinning and WeavingFrom William Radcliffe. Origin of . . . the Power Loom (1828)Families DisruptedFrom Observations . . . on the Loss of Woollen Spinning (c.1794)Machinery AttackedThe Leeds Woollen Workers' Petition (1786)Machinery DefendedLetter from the Cloth Merchants of Leeds (1791)The First Textile FactoriesFrom Richard Guest. Compendious History of the Cotton-Manufacture (1823)POLITICAL ECONOMYSupply and DemandFrom Adam Smith. The Wealth of NationsThe Iron Law of WagesFrom David Ricardo. On WagesPoverty and PopulationFrom Thomas Malthus. First Essay on Population (1798)VI THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONTHE DEBATE OVER NOBLE PRIVILEGERoyal Power AssertedFrom The Official Transcript of the Session of the Scourging (March 3, 1766)Noble Privilege DefendedFrom Remonstrance of the Parlement of Bordeaux (1771)Noble Privilege ChallengedFrom Abbe Sieyes. What Is the Third Estate?THE THIRD ESTATE TRIUMPHANTThe Fall of the BastilleFrom A Parisian Newspaper Account, July 14, 1789Feudal Rights AbolishedThe August 4th Decrees (August 4-11, 1789)The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 27, 1789)From The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 12, 1790)Exporting the Revolution The Propagandist Decrees (1792)CHALLENGES TO LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARIESDefending Church and KingFrom Edmund Burke. Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)The Vendee UprisingFrom Charles Tilly. The VendeeAre Women Citizens?From Olympe de GougesDeclaration of the Rights Woman and the Female Citizen (1791)From Debates in the National Convention of Clubs and Popular Societies for Women (1793)Revolutionary MoralityWhat Is a Sans-Culotte?From Maximilien Robespierre. On The Principles of Political Morality (February 1794)From Gracchus Babeuf.Manifesto of the EqualsNAPOLEONIC CONSOLIDATIONCentralized AdministrationAn Instruction for Senators (April 1805)To His Brother Jerome, King of Westphalia (Fontainebleau, November 15, 1807)A Conversation with Montholon (St. Helena, 1814)RestorationFrom The Constitutional Charter of 1814VII RESPONSES TO REVOLUTION -- THEORY AND POLITICS (1810-1832)CONSERVATISMThe Divine Origin of ConstitutionsFrom Joseph de Maistre. Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions (1810)A Call for Monarchal SolidarityFrom Prince Klemens von Metternich. Political Confession of Faith (1820)ROMANTICISMNature . . . the Guardian of My HeartFrom William Wordsworth. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern AbbeyThe Inner Spiritual Life From Friedrich von Schlegel. The Philosophy of Life and Philosophy of LanguageThe Romantic SensibilityFrom Mary Shelley. FrankensteinNATIONALISMPolandFrom Adam Mickiewicz. The Books of the Polish Nation . . .ItalyFrom Giuseppe Mazzini. Young Italy (1832)REFORMRussiaFrom Peter Kakhovsky. Letter to General Levashev (February 1826)From Pavel Pestel. Extracts from Pestel's TestimonyEnglandFrom Samuel Bamford. Passages in the Life of a Radical -- On the Peterloo MassacreFrom Thomas Babington Macaulay. Speeches (May 2, 1831) -- On the Reform Bill of 1832VIII INDUSTRIALIZATION AND SOCIAL UPHEAVALTHE FACTORY SYSTEMPrinciplesFrom Andrew Ure. The Philosophy of ManufacturesDisciplineFactory Rules in Berlin (1844)THE INDUSTRIAL CITY Outrage Done to NatureFrom William Wordsworth. The Excursi on (1814)From Friedrich Engels. The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844FAMILY ORGANIZATIONThe Working-Class Family EconomyFrom Mayhew. Interview with a Female OperativeMiddle-Class DomesticityFrom Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household ManagementTHE CHALLENGE OF LABOREnglish ChartismThe People's Petition of 1838Address of the Female Political Union . . . (1839)French SocialismFrom Louis Blanc. The Organization of Labor (1840)Class StruggleFrom Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.The Communist Manifesto (1848)THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIEMiddle-Class ValuesFrom Samuel Smiles. Self-HelpProgressFrom The Economist (London 1851)THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848FranceFrom Alphonse de Lamartine. History of the French Revolution of 1848GermanyFrom Carl Schurz. ReminiscencesIX SCIENCE AND SOCIETY THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETYSocial Evolution From Herbert Spencer. Progress: Its Law and CauseEvolutionFrom Charles Darwin. The Descent of ManA Science of SocietyFrom Auguste Comte. A General View of PositivismTHE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIFFERENCEThe Argument for EqualityFrom John Stuart Mill. The Subjection of WomenThe Argument for InequalityFrom Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thompson.The Evolution of SexTHE MOTOR OF HISTORYThe Pursuit of Happiness and Liberty of ThoughtFrom John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism (1861)From John Stuart Mill. On Liberty (1859) The Crisis in BeliefFrom Edmund Gosse.Father and Son (1907)X STATE BUILDING AND IMPERIALIST EXPANSIONVARIETIES OF NATIONALISMPan-SlavismFrom Nikolai Danilevsky. Russia and Europe: An Inquiry into the Cultural and Political Relations of the Slav World and of the Germano-Latin World (1869)Political NationalismFrom Heinrich von Treitschke. PoliticsLiberal NationalismFrom Ernest Renan. What Is a Nation?THE UNIFICATION OF ITALYDiplomacyFrom Cavour's Letter to Victor Emmanuel (July 24, 1858)ConquestFrom Garibaldi's Report on the Conquest of NaplesUnificationFrom Victor Emmanuel's Address to Parliament (Rome, 1871)THE HAPSBURG EMPIREThe Dual MonarchyFrom Memoirs of Count von BeustGERMAN UNIFICATIONIron and BloodFrom Otto von Bismarck. Speech to the Reichstag (September 30, 1862)War with AustriaFrom William I. Proclamation of the Seven Weeks' War (June 1866)The Franco-Prussian WarFrom Otto von Bismarck. MemoirsMilitary PreparednessFrom Otto von Bismarck. Speech to the Reichstag (February 6, 1888)IMPERIALISMFrench Colonial PolicyFrom Jules Ferry. Preface to Tonkin (1890)The White Man's BurdenFrom Rudyard Kipling. The White Man's BurdenThe Black Man's OppressionFrom Edward Morel. The Black Man's BurdenThe Economic Bases of ImperialismFrom John A. Hobson. ImperialismXI ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISMORGANIZATIONNetworks of FactoriesFrom Harold Baron. Chemical Industry on the Continent (1909)German BanksFrom Articles on German BankingRetailing On Parisian Department StoresAN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AND A WORLD MARKET The Gold StandardFrom German Coinage Act, July 9, 1873The World EconomyFrom Robert Giffen. On the Depression of 1873-1876GOVERNMENTS AND INDUSTRYProtective TariffsJules Meline. Argument for Protection in France (1892)Regulation of Working ConditionsFrom Otto von Bismarck. On State Socialism (1884)From Georges Clemenceau. Speech on Strikes, Trade Unions, and Socialism (1906)THE LABOR MOVEMENTStrikesFrom Ben Turner. About MyselfNational Federations of LaborFrom The French General Confederation of Labor, Charter of Amiens (1906)THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENTGerman Social DemocracyFrom The Erfurt Program (1891)From Anna Maier. Autobiography (1912)English Social DemocracyFrom William Morris. How I Became a SocialistFrench Socialists UniteFrom Program of the Unified Socialist Party (1905)XII WORLD WAR ITHE ROAD TO WAR National RivalryFrom An Interview with the Geman Kaiser (Daily Telegraph, 1908)Popular PropagandaThe German HassliedWar DeclaredThe Blank Check TelegramFrom Philipp Scheidemann. The Making of New GermanySTRATEGIES AND BATTLESThe Western FrontFrom Field Marshal Joffre. Personal MemoirsTrench WarfareFrom Vera Brittain. Testament of YouthNew WeaponryFrom Captain Von Richthofen. The Red Battle FlyerAmerica Enters the WarFrom Speech of Congressman Joe Henry Eagle (April 15, 1917)THE HOME FRONTEngland Mourns Her DeadLaurence Binyon. For the Fallen (September 1914)Women's War ServiceFrom E. Sylvia Pankhurst. The Home FrontTHE DECLINE OF THE WEST?German SurrenderFrom The Versailles TreatyDisillusionmentFrom John Maynard Keynes. The Economic Consequences of the PeaceFrom Sigmund Freud. Thoughts for the Times on War and DeathThe Toll of War.Mortality StatisticsXIII THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION -- FROM LENIN TO STALINTHE ROAD TO REVOLUTIONLenin's StrategyFrom V. I. Lenin. What Is to Be Done?The Revolution of 1905From The Petition of January 9, 1905From Tsar Nichols I.The October Manifesto (1905)REVOLUTION, WAR COMMUNISM, AND CIVIL WARWartime ConditionsFrom Leon Trotsky.The History of the Russian RevolutionThe Fall of the TsarFirst Statement of the Provisional Government, March 1917The Bolsheviks Come to PowerAccount of the Overthrow of the Provisional Government (November 8, 1917)The Peace and Land Decrees War CommunismDecree on Grain (May 9, 1918)Civil WarFrom Proclamation of the Whites (July 8, 1918)ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 1920SThe New Economic PolicyFrom V. I. Lenin. Draft Resolutions on Questions of the New Economic PolicyThe FamilyFrom Alexandra Kollantai. Communism and the FamilySTALIN AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE MODERN SOVIET STATEEconomic PlanningFrom Joseph Stalin. The Results of the First Five-Year Plan From Max Belov. The History of a Soviet Collective FarmFamily OrganizationFrom Law on the Abolition of Legal Abortion (May 1936)Destruction of the OppositionPurges: The Official Explanation XIV EUROPE -- THE 1920S TO WORLD WAR IIECONOMIC DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL UNREST England From Men without Work: A Report Made to the Pilgrim Trust, 1938FranceFrom Program of the Popular Front (January 10, 1936)GermanyFrom The Times (May 28, 1932)THE RISE OF FASCISMItalyFrom Benito Mussolini. The Political and Social Doctrine of FascismGermanyFrom The Autobiography of an Anti-SemiteFrom Adolph Hitler. Mein KampfThe Spanish Civil WarFrom George Orwell. Looking Back on the Spanish WarWORLD WAR IIThe Outbreak of WarFrom Chamberlain's Statement to the Press (September 1938)From Hitler's Speech to the Reichstag (September 1, 1939)From Chamberlain's Announcement of War with Germany (September 3, 1939)W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939The Fall of FranceFrom Alexander Werth. The Last Days of Paris The Battle of BritainFrom The Times (April 12, 1941)War in the PacificJapan's Declaration of War on the United States and Great Britain (December 8, 1941)Roosevelt's Request for a Declaration of War on Japan (December 8, 1941)THE WAR ENDSD-Day, June 6, 1944Churchill's Announcement to the House of Commons (June 6, 1944)The Bombing of HiroshimaTruman Announces Use of A-Bomb at Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)The Human CostsFrom Deposition by Mrs. Liuba Daniel on the Stutthof Concentration CampXV POSTWAR POLITICS -- COLD WAR AND THIRD WORLDTHE THREAT OF NUCLEAR WARThree ApproachesFrom Philip Toynbee. The Fearful Choice (1959)From Edward Teller. The Legacy of Hiroshima (1962)From Pope John XXIII. Pacem in Terris (1963)THE COLD WAR BEGINSYalta and the AftermathFrom Minutes of the Yalta ConferenceFrom Letter of President Roosevelt to Premier Stalin (April 1, 1945)From Minutes of White House ConferenceFrom Letter of Premier Stalin to President Truman (April 24, 1945)The Iron CurtainFrom Winston Churchill's Speech at Fulton, Missouri (March 5, 1946)From Stalin's Reply to ChurchillFrom Speech of President TrumanFrom Testimony of John Foster DullesAtlantic AllianceFrom General George C. Marshall's Speech (June 5, 1947)From Speech of Andrei Vyshinski (September 18, 1947)From The North Atlantic TreatyCONCILIATION AND CONFLICTPeaceful CoexistenceFrom Khrushchev's Public SpeechFrom Krushchev's Secret SpeechHungaryFrom Statement of the Soviet Government (October 30, 1956)From Imry Nage's Last Message (November 4, 1956)VietnamFrom President Lyndon B. Johnson's News Conference (July 28, 1965)From Senator J. William Fulbright's Speech (April 2, 1970)ChinaFrom Speech of President Richard M. Nixon (February 28, 1972)THE END OF THE COLD WARNuclear DisarmamentFrom Statement of Mikhail Gorbachev (January 15, 1986)Eastern EuropeFrom Speech of Mikhail Gorbachev (December 9, 1989)From Speech of Margaret Thatcher (February 18, 1990)After GorbachevFrom Anatoly Chubais. Main Issues of PrivatisationISRAEL AND THE ARABSThe Zionist CaseFrom Statement of the World Zionist Conference (1945)The Arab CaseFrom Statement of the Arab Higher Committee (1948)THE THIRD WORLDIndiaFrom Mohandas Gandhi. SatyagrahaAfricaFrom Kwame Nkrumah. I Speak of Freedom (1961)CubaFrom Fidel Castro SpeaksXVI THE MODERN WORLD -- HOPES AND ANXIETIESHUMAN RIGHTS - IDEALS AND REALITIESIdealsUniversal Declaration on Human Rights (1948)RealitiesFrom Amnesty International Report (1995)POPULATION, ECOLOGY, NATURAL RESOURCESPopulation PressuresFrom World HealthFrom M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel.Mankind at the Turning PointNatural ResourcesFrom E. F. Schumacher. Small Is BeautifulFrom Population Control: For and AgainstREVOLUTIONARY PROTESTRevolutionary TheoryFrom H. Marcuse. An Essay on LiberationFranceFrom The French Student RevoltGermanyFrom The Urban Guerrilla ConceptWOMEN AND FAMILYWomen's RolesFrom Simone de Beauvoir. The Second SexFeminist ProtestAdrienne Rich. TranslationsBacklashFrom Susan Faludi. BacklashSCIENCE AND HUMAN VALUESEvolution and MatterFrom William Provine. Chance and NecessityEvolution and SpiritFrom John Paul II. Magisterium and Evolution
